Effects of two zinc supplementation levels and two zinc and copper sources with different solubility characteristics on the growth performance,carcass characteristics and digestibility of growing-finishing pigs     

Sandra Villagómez-Estrada  José Francisco Pérez  Sandra van Kuijk  Diego Melo-Durán  Razzagh Karimirad  David Solà-Oriol 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2021,105(1):59-71

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of two Zn supplemented levels and two Zn and Cu sources (sulphate and hydroxychloride) on growing-finishing pigs. An in vitro study and an in vivo study were conducted. In the in vitro study, Zn solubility from each source at different Zn supplementation levels was evaluated, as well as the phytic phosphorus (PP) solubility derived from the interaction or not with phytic acid at similar conditions to those found in digestive tract. The most critical interaction of Zn with phytic acid was at pH 6.5 and with Zn sulphate, resulting in the reduction in PP solubility. In the in vivo experiment, a total of 444 pigs ([Duroc × Landrace]×Pietrain; initial BW: 18.7 ± 0.20 kg) were allotted to 36 pens in a randomized complete block design (2 × 2) factorial arrangement with two Zn and Cu sources and two Zn supplemental levels (20 and 80 mg/kg). The Cu supplementation was fixed at 15 mg/kg for all diets. There was no effect of the interaction between mineral source × Zn level or Zn level on growth performance or carcass characteristics (p > .10). Apparent total digestibility of Zn and Cu along with carcass yield was higher for pigs fed hydroxychloride than pigs fed the sulphate counterparts (p < .05). Feeding low levels of Zn decreased Zn (45.5%; p < .0001) and Cu(18.5%; p = .018) faecal excretion. In conclusion, under commercial conditions, feeding growing-finishing pigs with Zn levels below those established by the European Union regulation did not affect growth performance and carcass characteristics. Reducing dietary mineral (Zn and Cu) diet content resulted in a lower faecal mineral excretion. Pigs fed sulphate minerals had an improved performance during grower period, while pigs fed hydroxychloride minerals showed an improved performance during finishing period and a greater carcass yield and mineral digestibility than those fed sulphates.  相似文献   

A two-amino acid change in the hemagglutinin of the 1918 influenza virus abolishes transmission     

Tumpey TM  Maines TR  Van Hoeven N  Glaser L  Solórzano A  Pappas C  Cox NJ  Swayne DE  Palese P  Katz JM  García-Sastre A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,315(5812):655-659

The 1918 influenza pandemic was a catastrophic series of virus outbreaks that spread across the globe. Here, we show that only a modest change in the 1918 influenza hemagglutinin receptor binding site alters the transmissibility of this pandemic virus. Two amino acid mutations that cause a switch in receptor binding preference from the human alpha-2,6 to the avian alpha-2,3 sialic acid resulted in a virus incapable of respiratory droplet transmission between ferrets but that maintained its lethality and replication efficiency in the upper respiratory tract. Furthermore, poor transmission of a 1918 virus with dual alpha-2,6 and alpha-2,3 specificity suggests that a predominant human alpha-2,6 sialic acid binding preference is essential for optimal transmission of this pandemic virus. These findings confirm an essential role of hemagglutinin receptor specificity for the transmission of influenza viruses among mammals.  相似文献   

Efficacy of Ivermectin Pour-on Against Nematodes Infecting Foals on Pasture: Coprological and Biochemical Analysis     

Ivan Francisco DVM  PhD  Jesús Antonio Sánchez DVM  Francisco Javier Cortiñas DVM  Rubén Francisco DVM  José Suárez DVM  Cristiana Cazapal DVM  José Luis Suárez DVM  PhD  María Sol Arias DVM  PhD  Patrocinio Morrondo DVM  PhD  DipEVPC  Rita Sánchez-Andrade PhD  Adolfo Paz-Silva DVM  PhD  DipEVPC 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2011,31(9):530-535

The efficacy of topical ivermectin (IVM) on foals naturally infected by parasitic nematodes was evaluated. Two dosages of IVM were applied pour-on (F-Nor0.5; 0.5 mg/kg body weight [BW] and F-Nor1; 1 mg/kg BW) and results compared with the oral administration (F-Eq0.2; 0.2 mg/kg BW of IVM). The efficacy was measured by estimating the reduction in the fecal egg counts (fecal egg count reduction) and in the numbers of horses shedding parasite eggs (positive horse reduction). Several biochemical and enzymatic serum parameters were measured in the groups F-Eq0.2 and F-Nor1. Before the deworming of the horses, eggs of Parascaris equorum, Cyathostomum, Gyalocephalus spp, and Oxyuris equi were identified. In all the treated groups, the excretion of ascarid eggs ended 4 days after the treatment. The orally administered IVM suppressed the egg output of strongyles and pinworms 4 days after the treatment, whereas for the F-Nor1 group this occurred 8 days after the treatment. Eggs of strongyles were detected in the F-Nor0.5 group throughout the study. The levels of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, total proteins, albumin, globulins, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) reduced significantly after the administration of IVM, but values not within the normal range were only achieved for LDH. A significant positive correlation between the fecal egg output of cyathostomins and the LDH was investigated. Clinically, no adverse reactions in the horses receiving the topical IVM were observed. It was concluded that the pour-on administration of 1 mg/kg BW IVM provides similar results to the oral administration, and offers a very useful tool to control infestation by the intestinal nematodes affecting wild grazing horses.  相似文献   

Another question for Bush and Kerry     

Gruner SM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,306(5696):609

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Myiasis in sheep in The Netherlands     

Snoep JJ  Sol J  Sampimon OC  Roeters N  Elbers AR  Scholten HW  Borgsteede FH 《Veterinary parasitology》2002,106(4):357-363

In 1999, among 164 randomly selected Dutch sheep farmers, a questionnaire was carried out to estimate the prevalence of myiasis in sheep and to investigate factors associated with the occurrence of myiasis. The total number of sheep and/or lambs on the reference date 1 August 1999 was 12,200: 5243 ewes, 225 rams, 3393 ewe- and 3339 ram lambs. On 86 (52.4%) of the farms 349 (2.9%) of all sheep and/or lambs contracted myiasis, of which two died. Myiasis was seen significantly more frequently on farms with over 25 ewes compared to smaller farms. Cases of myiasis were detected from April to September, with a peak (47.1%) in August. Occurrence of myiasis was most frequently associated with hot and humid weather and was mainly observed (69.1%) in the area around the tail.Ewes and ewe lambs had significantly more myiasis when compared with rams and ram lambs. There was no relationship with tail docking, with breed, with the time of shearing, with the kind of soil (clay, sand, etc.), with the environment (bush, trees, water, etc.), with the type of treatment (pour on, dipping, spraying), the used insecticides (synthetic pyrethro?ds, diazinon, cyromazin, etc.), the number of preventive treatments, the time of treatment or the number of observations on the herd (once a day, once a week, etc.).  相似文献   

PCB partitioning during sediment remobilization—a 1D column experiment     

Maha Chalhoub  Laurence Amalric  Solène Touzé  Pierre Gallé  Pascal E. Reiller  Noëlle Doucet  Blandine Clozel  Philippe Bataillard 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2013,13(7):1284-1300

Purpose

Remobilization of polychlorobiphenyl (PCB)-contaminated sediments by anthropogenic activities (e.g. dredging) or natural flow conditions could lead to the release of PCBs into the water column and consequently increase the availability of PCBs to benthic organisms. The fate of the released PCBs following such events is not well understood and such knowledge is necessary for the management of contaminated sediments. The objective of this study was to understand the processes that control the fate of PCBs following remobilization of field-aged contaminated sediments.

Materials and methods

Sediments contaminated with PCBs collected from Lake Bourget (Savoie, France) were resuspended in a column experiment. The relationships between physical–chemical parameters—i.e. suspended particulate matter, pH, inorganic and organic carbon content, redox-sensitive species and the concentrations of dissolved PCBs both in the water column and in the interstitial water of the sediment—were investigated so as to determine the key processes controlling PCB fate.

Results and discussion

Following the simulated resuspension event (SRE), dissolved PCBs were found in much higher concentrations in the water column than under stationary conditions. Desorption of PCBs from the sediment depended on the degree of the hydrophobicity of the PCBs and the initial PCB content in the sediment. Principal component analysis showed that the variations in the concentrations of released PCBs over time and space closely followed those of suspended particulate matter (SPM) and not those of redox conditions. The partitioning behaviour of PCBs on SPM showed that equilibrium state was not attained within 40 days following the SRE. A particle size fractionation study, before and after remobilization of the sediment, showed the presence of PCBs in every fraction of the sediment, but with higher amounts in large particles with high organic matter content and in the finest fractions. Remobilization of contaminated sediment did not affect this distribution profoundly but a significant enrichment in PCBs of the clay-sized fraction was observed in the re-settled sediment.

Conclusions

Sediment resuspension induced non-equilibrium conditions in the water column for more than 5 weeks and led to the enrichment with PCBs of the newly formed surface bed sediment. This enrichment was due to the preferential re-sorption of PCBs on clay-sized particles during the SRE and to the physical segregation and accumulation of the less dense particles at the surface of the sediment column; such particles thought to be the principal carriers of contaminants. These changes concerned <0.05 % of the total PCB content.  相似文献   

Variations on stress defences and metallothionein levels in the Senegal sole, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Solea senegalensis</Emphasis>, during early larval stages   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

M.?SoléEmail author  J.?Potrykus  C.?Fernández-Díaz  J.?Blasco 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2004,30(1):57-66

The biochemical status of antioxidant defences of larvae from the commercial, benthic fish, Solea senegalensis, were studied over a period of 28days from hatching. The parameters studied were: catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), total glutation peroxidase activity (sum of the selenium dependent and independent forms) (EC 1.6.4.2), DT-diaphorase (EC 1.6.99.2), and as an indication of conjugative detoxifying metabolism, the enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST; EC 2.5.1.18). Oxidative damage was evaluated by the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA) as an indication of lipid peroxidation (LP). Metallothionein (MT) levels were measured by differential pulse polarography and stress proteins (HSP 70 and HSP 60) were detected by immunoblotting, using commercial antibodies. The presence of catalytic activities was observed from hatching day and tended to increase during larval development. Significant changes were seen in most enzymes at day 3, when the larvae finished their endogenous feeding and started to feed on rotifers. DT-diaphorase activities were similar in both NADH and NADPH-dependent forms and, in turn, were about 10-times lower than their correspondent reductases. LP sharply increased at 19 and 28days post-hatch (dph), suggesting a saturation of the antioxidant defences during metamorphosis. MT showed high values during the endogenous phase and the lowest value corresponded to day 3, when the egg-yolksac was fully reabsorbed; a steady-state value was reached thereafter. Stress proteins were present at all stages, showing distinctiveness in the molecular weight of HSP60 at hatching day and 1dph. Quantitatively, both forms were significantly elevated at 3dph, with their ratio (HSP70/HSP60) decreasing over time.  相似文献   

Implementation of Optimum Contributions Selection in endangered local breeds: the case of the Menorca Horse population     

M. Solé  M. Valera  M.D. Gómez  I. Cervantes  J. Fernández 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2013,130(3):218-226

Limiting the inbreeding rate (?F) while maximizing genetic gain for any trait of economic interest is especially important in small populations of local breeds, like the Menorca Horse. In this breed, dressage performance is important for the profitability of the breed and should be accounted in the selection criterion. The aim of this study was to assess if a breeding programme aiming at improved dressage performance is feasible in such a small breed. To perform the analysis, animals that were currently available for breeding (between 3 and 20 years) were used. Selection was based on the estimated breeding values for dressage obtained by BLUP. The pedigree and molecular coancestry between potential breeding horses was used (separately or in combination) to account for the restriction on ?F. Results show that it is possible to avoid large increases in inbreeding while obtaining acceptable levels of genetic gain (i.e. a ?F of 1% would imply a maximum loss in genetic gain of 2%). Thus, the Menorca Horse population is suitable for a management procedure which jointly optimizes the response to selection and the levels of variability and inbreeding (Optimal Contribution selection). Regarding the source of information used to calculate the relationships, molecular information would provide a greater range of solutions to increase genetic gain than using pedigree coancestry (gain was 1–4% higher for the same levels of restriction on the increase in inbreeding).  相似文献   

A three year herd health and management program on thirty Dutch dairy farms     

J. Sol  J. A. Renkema 《The Veterinary quarterly》2013,33(3):141-148

Summary

A herd health and management program was carried out from May 1974 to May 1977 on thirty Dutch dairy farms which did not have specific herd or management problems. The number of cows per farm varied between 40 and 160. There was a control group of thirty‐one comparable farms. The farms were visited every six weeks by the veterinarian of the Animal Health Service Institute, the local agricultural adviser of the NAAS and the local veterinarian.

The aim of the program was a whole farm approach. The program had a mainly advisory character and it was up to the farmer to follow the advice given, which was based on the theoretically optimal solution but adjusted to the farm situation. The basis of the administration of herd health was the Herd Fertility Chart. Farm inspection was by detailed observation. The program was primarily practical, and could be carried out by a well‐trained local veterinarian.

The data of the first (preparatory) year were compared with the results of the following two years.

The improvement in income feedcosts margin on the program farms exceeded that on control farms by Dfl. 176 per cow (therefore Dfl. 460 per ha. and Dfl. 12,535 per man). Factor Analysis showed that the herd health and management program influenced especially data concerning fertility. However this did not affect the income feedcosts margin per cow. The program also had an important influence on culling due to health problems and on feedcosts per cow, both of which considerably affected the income feedcosts margin per man. The results obtained may be considered to be minimal and might be higher on farms with herd health and management problems. The expenses involved in a program similar to that described, would appear to be a good choice of investment for farmers.  相似文献   

Population dynamics,non-crop hosts,and fruit susceptibility of Drosophila suzukii in Northeast Spain     

Judit Arnó  Mireia Solà  Jordi Riudavets  Rosa Gabarra 《Journal of pest science》2016,89(3):713-723

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