Influence of characteristics and extension of a forest road network on the supply cost of forest woodchips     

Raffaele Cavalli  Stefano Grigolato 《Journal of Forest Research》2010,15(3):202-209

A forest road network in northeastern Italy was explored by field investigations to evaluate the cost of covering annual demand of woodchips according to three scenarios. The first scenario (A) considered the current extent of the forest road network (mainly tractor road) and the associated qualitative characteristics; the second scenario (B) evaluated the possibility of increasing the availability of the technical amount of forest biomass by extending the forest road network by three tractor roads (3.9 km); the third scenario (C) considered the impact on woodchip supply of converting 9.3 km of tractor forest road into truck forest road. At a woodchip price of 60 € t⁻¹, the cost–supply curve of scenario C indicated a woodchip amount of 2886 t year⁻¹, which was 561 t year⁻¹ greater than scenario A and 161 t year⁻¹ greater than scenario B.  相似文献   

Multivariate analysis for characteristics of heat tolerance in horses in Brazil     

Marlos Castanheira  Samuel Rezende Paiva  Helder Louvandini  Aline Landim  Maria Clorinda Soares Fiorvanti  Giane Regina Paludo  Bruno Stefano Dallago  Concepta McManus 《Tropical animal health and production》2010,42(2):185-191

The environment in which the horse is reared affects its ability to maintain thermal balance which is in turn related to thermal characteristics and regulatory physiological mechanisms. In this study a multivariate analysis of physiological traits in relation to heat tolerance in horses was carried out in the Federal District, Brazil. The aim was to test the ability of these analyses to separate groups of animals and determine which physiological traits are most important in the adaptation to heat stress. Forty adult horses (4 to 13 years) were used, ten from each of four different genetic groups (English thoroughbred, Brazilian showjumper, crossbred and Breton). The traits examined included heart and breathing rate, rectal temperature as well as blood parameters. The data underwent multivariate statistical analysis including cluster, discriminate and canonical using Statistical Analysis System - SAS ® procedures CLUSTER, STEPDISC, CANCORR and DISCRIM. The tree diagram showed clear distances between groups studied and canonical analysis was able to separate individuals in groups. The discriminate analysis identified the variables which were most important in separating these groups. The multivariate analysis was able to separate the animals into groups with RR, HR and RT being important in this separation.  相似文献   

Atomic-level characterization of the structural dynamics of proteins   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Shaw DE  Maragakis P  Lindorff-Larsen K  Piana S  Dror RO  Eastwood MP  Bank JA  Jumper JM  Salmon JK  Shan Y  Wriggers W 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2010,330(6002):341-346

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are widely used to study protein motions at an atomic level of detail, but they have been limited to time scales shorter than those of many biologically critical conformational changes. We examined two fundamental processes in protein dynamics--protein folding and conformational change within the folded state--by means of extremely long all-atom MD simulations conducted on a special-purpose machine. Equilibrium simulations of a WW protein domain captured multiple folding and unfolding events that consistently follow a well-defined folding pathway; separate simulations of the protein's constituent substructures shed light on possible determinants of this pathway. A 1-millisecond simulation of the folded protein BPTI reveals a small number of structurally distinct conformational states whose reversible interconversion is slower than local relaxations within those states by a factor of more than 1000.  相似文献   

Anaplasma phagocytophilum in horses and ticks: a preliminary survey of Central Italy     

Passamonti F  Veronesi F  Cappelli K  Capomaccio S  Coppola G  Marenzoni ML  Piergili FD  Verini SA  Coletti M 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》2010,33(1):73-83

Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of granulocytic ehrlichiosis, affects several species of wild and domesticated mammals, including horses. In this work we compared direct and indirect methods to evaluate A. phagocytophilum presence in Central Italy: 135 sera were screened by IFA for A. phagocytophilum and other haemopathogens (Theileria equi and Babesia caballi). Each horse was also tested for A. phagocytophilum 16S rRNA with a nested-PCR technique. In order to examine the risk of A. phagocytophilum transmission, 114 ticks were examined for the presence of A. phagocytophilum by PCR targeting the 16S rRNA. The seroprevalence against A. phagocytophilum was 17.03% and 11 horses (8.14%) showed positive PCR results. The concordance rate of A. phagocytophilum detection between IFAT and PCR had a K value of 0.34.  相似文献   

Invasive mould infections of the naso-orbital region of cats: a case involving Aspergillus fumigatus and an aetiological review     

Cristina Giordano  Paola Gianella  Stefano Bo  Antonella Vercelli  Chiara Giudice  Daniele Della Santa  Anna Maria Tortorano  Claudio Peruccio  Andrea Peano 《Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery》2010,12(9):714-723

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Assessment of synthetic chemicals for disruption of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus response to attractant-baited traps in an urban environment     

Salvatore Guarino  Ezio Peri  Paolo Lo Bue  Maria Pia Germanà  Stefano Colazza  Leonid Anshelevich  Uzi Ravid  Victoria Soroker 《Phytoparasitica》2013,41(1):79-88

The red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), is one of the most severe pests of ornamental palm species in urban areas of Mediterranean countries. Aiming to discover inhibitory semiochemicals for RPW population management in urban environments, we conducted electroantennographic (EAG) screenings of 17 commercially available synthetic compounds, representing three groups of plant volatiles (isoprenoids, phenyl propanoid derivatives and fatty acid derivatives) known for their repellent effects toward insects. These tests were followed by trap-based screenings of EAG-active menthone, α-pinene and methyl salicylate, singly and in combination, under urban conditions. In EAG bioassays, RPW antennae of both sexes showed positive dose-dependent responses to 13 of the 17 synthetic chemicals with significant differences among them. In field trapping experiments, conducted in the city of Palermo, Italy, from weeks 31 to 38 in 2010 and 2011, α-pinene, tested singly or in combination with methyl salicylate (2010) or menthone (2011), reduced trap catches by about 30% to 40%. Methyl salicylate and menthone alone were inactive. In conclusion, RPW is significantly affected by α-pinene. This isoprenoid is a promising disruptant for semiochemical-based management of this pest. In addition, identification of a large number of EAG-active chemicals could serve as a database for future design of active repellents or attractants of RPW adults.  相似文献   

Management of downy mildew of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) caused by Peronospora belbahrii by means of resistance inducers, fungicides, biocontrol agents and natural products     

Giovanna Gilardi  Stefano Demarchi  Angelo Garibaldi  Maria Lodovica Gullino 《Phytoparasitica》2013,41(1):59-72

To control downy mildew of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), incited by Peronospora belbahrii Thines, a number of compounds were tested in 2011 and 2012 under glasshouse conditions. These included copper-based fungicides, biocontrol agents, and compounds previously reported to induce resistance in plants to pathogens. Results were compared with those provided by fungicides registered for downy mildew control in Italy. The tested compounds were used alone or applied in rotation in spray programs. In all trials, the greatest reduction in disease incidence and severity was found with treatments that included metalaxyl-M?+?copper hydroxide, a mineral fertilizer ‘Alexin’, mandipropanid, and azoxystrobin. The glucohumates activator complex and acibenzolar-S-methyl also provided significant disease control (P?<?0.05). The mineral fertilizer Alexin, the glucohumates activator complex and acibenzolar-S significantly reduced disease incidence and severity 20 days after the last treatment compared with the untreated control (P?<?0.05). Among the copper-based products, the greatest reductions in disease incidence and severity were provided by copper hydroxide with terpenic alcohols and copper oxychloride?+?copper hydroxide. The mineral fertilizer Kendal and prohexadione-Ca, as well as mustard oil, partially reduced disease incidence and severity compared with the untreated control (P?<?0.05), whereas the biocontrol agent Bacillus subtilis QST 713 and thyme oil extract were not effective in two out of three trials. When different combinations of various products used in rotation were tested, effective control was found either using a rotation of fungicides with compounds that can induce resistance, as well as by using rotation with different resistance-inducing compounds on their own.  相似文献   

The contribution of lateral aquatic habitats to insect diversity along river corridors in the Alps     

Ute Karaus  Stefano Larsen  Helene Guillong  Klement Tockner 《Landscape Ecology》2013,28(9):1755-1767

River floodplains are among the most threatened ecosystems globally. Understanding the mechanisms that create and maintain biodiversity and ecosystem functioning of floodplains, is therefore a prerequisite for developing scientifically-sound management and conservation strategies. We quantified the spatial distribution of lateral aquatic habitats (i.e. tributaries, ponds, backwaters) and the associated insect assemblages (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera) along three Alpine river corridors (Tagliamento, Thur, and Rhône). Our objective was to assess the relative contribution of lateral habitats to river corridor diversity, and to identify the scale that contributed the most to regional (Alpine scale) species diversity. The number of lateral habitats decreased by 72 % from the near-natural Tagliamento (101) to the Thur river (42) and the regulated Rhône river (28). More than 50 % of the total species richness along each river was restricted to lateral habitats, which also exhibited higher taxon turnover rates (Whittaker’s beta diversity) than the associated main channel. Hierarchical diversity partitioning revealed that beta diversity among corridors was higher than expected, and accounted for 48 % of regional richness, partly reflecting biogeographical differences among catchments. However, diversity partitioning, excluding catchment-specific effects, showed that beta diversity among habitat types contributed significantly to regional richness (79 %). The present study is among the first to quantify the distribution and biodiversity of floodplain habitats along entire river continua. Our results demonstrated that biodiversity would be best preserved by protecting multiple catchments, and that lateral floodplain habitats contribute disproportionally to species richness at the river corridor and regional scale.  相似文献   

Ellagic Acid and Polyhydroxylated Urolithins Are Potent Catalytic Inhibitors of Human Topoisomerase II: An in Vitro Study     

V Furlanetto  G Zagotto  R Pasquale  S Moro  B Gatto 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(36):9162-9170

Ellagic acid (EA), a natural polyphenol abundant in fruits and common in our diet, is under intense investigation for its chemopreventive activity resulting from multiple effects. EA inhibits topoisomerase II, but the effects on the human enzyme of urolithins, its monolactone metabolites, are not known. Therefore, the action of several synthetic urolithins toward topoisomerases II was evaluated, showing that polyhydroxylated urolithins, EA, and EA-related compounds are potent inhibitors of the α and β isoforms of human topoisomerase II at submicromolar concentrations. Competition tests demonstrate a dose-dependent relationship between ATP and the inhibition of the enzyme. Docking experiments show that the active compounds bind the ATP pocket of the human enzyme, thus supporting the hypothesis that EA and polyhydroxylated urolithins act as ATP-competitive inhibitors of human topoisomerase II.  相似文献   

Predictors of long-term survival in dogs with high-grade multicentric lymphoma     

Marconato L  Stefanello D  Valenti P  Bonfanti U  Comazzi S  Roccabianca P  Caniatti M  Romanelli G  Massari F  Zini E 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2011,239(4):480-485

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