Isolation and characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ustilaginoidea virens</Emphasis> and survey of false smut disease of rice in India     

D. Ladhalakshmi  G. S. Laha  Ram Singh  A. Karthikeyan  S. K. Mangrauthia  R. M. Sundaram  P. Thukkaiyannan  B. C. Viraktamath 《Phytoparasitica》2012,40(2):171-176

The intensity of rice false smut disease in selected states of northwest and south India was studied. In northern Indian states as a whole, disease incidence (percentage of false smut-infected tillers) varied from 2% to 75%. In the state of Haryana, maximum infection was recorded on hybrids like PA 6444 and PA 6129 while in Punjab state, 10–20% disease incidence was recorded in popular inbred rice varieties like PR 114, PA 116 and PAU 201. In the southern state of Tamil Nadu, the disease incidence varied from 5% to 85%. A heavy incidence of the disease was noticed in variety BPT 5204 and due to this, the air above the infected field gave a black smoky appearance from a distance as a result of release of spore mass in the atmosphere. In severe cases the number of infected grains reached even more than 100 per panicle. The pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens was isolated in potato dextrose agar medium and was characterized by both pathogenicity test and molecular analysis. Under glasshouse conditions, when a conidial suspension of the pathogen was injected during boot leaf stage of the rice variety TN1, typical smut balls were observed. The identity of the pathogen was further confirmed through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis using U. virens-specific internal transcribed spacer (ITS) primers. The primer pair US 1-5/US3-3 and US2-5/US4-3 amplified 380 bp and 232 bp product, respectively, which are typical for the U. virens fungus.  相似文献   

Marker‐assisted improvement of a stable restorer line,KMR‐3R and its derived hybrid KRH2 for bacterial blight resistance and grain quality     

Basvaraj C. Viraktamath  Arremsetty S. Hariprasad  Gouri S. Laha  Mohammed I. Ahmed  Podishetty Natarajkumar  Mugalodi S. Ramesha  Chirravuri N. Neeraja  Sena M. Balachandran  Nallathigal S. Rani  Pippalla Balaji Suresh  Kalidindi Sujatha  Manish Pandey  Gajjala Ashok Reddy  Maganti S. Madhav  Raman M. Sundaram 《Plant Breeding》2011,130(6):608-616

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A Single-Tube,Functional Marker-Based Multiplex PCR Assay for Simultaneous Detection of Major Bacterial Blight Resistance Genes Xa21,xa13 and xa5 in Rice     

K. Hajira S.  M. Sundaram R.  S. Laha G.  Yugander A.  M. Balachandran S.  C. Viraktamath B.  Sujatha K.  H. Balachiranjeevi C.  Pranathi K.  Anila M.  Bhaskar S.  Abhilash V.  K. Mahadevaswamy H.  Kousik M.  Dilip Kumar T.  Harika G.  Rekha G. 《水稻科学》2016,23(3):144

In marker-assisted breeding for bacterial blight(BB) resistance in rice, three major resistance genes, viz., Xa21, xa13 and xa5, are routinely deployed either singly or in combinations. As efficient and functional markers are yet to be developed for xa13 and xa5, we have developed simple PCR-based functional markers for both the genes. For xa13, we designed a functional PCR-based marker, xa13-prom targeting the In Del polymorphism in the promoter of candidate gene Os8N3 located on chromosome 8 of rice. With respect to xa5, a multiplex-PCR based functional marker system, named xa5 FM, consisting of two sets of primer pairs targeting the 2-bp functional nucleotide polymorphism in the exon II of the gene TFIIA5(candidate for xa5), has been developed. Both xa13-prom and xa5 FM can differentiate the resistant and susceptible alleles for xa13 and xa5, respectively, in a co-dominant fashion. Using these two functional markers along with the already reported functional PCR-based marker for Xa21(p TA248), we designed a single-tube multiplex PCR based assay for simultaneous detection of all the three major resistance genes and demonstrated the utility of the multiplex marker system in a segregating population.  相似文献   

Marker assisted introgression of blast (Pi-2 and Pi-54) genes in to the genetic background of elite,bacterial blight resistant indica rice variety,Improved Samba Mahsuri     

K. Ratna Madhavi  R. Rambabu  V. Abhilash Kumar  S. Vijay Kumar  J. Aruna  S. Ramesh  R. M. Sundaram  G. S. Laha  M. Sheshu Madhav  V. Ravindra babu  M. Srinivas Prasad 《Euphytica》2016,207(2):331-342

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Arcelins from an Indian wild pulse, Lablab purpureus, and insecticidal activity in storage pests     

Janarthanan S  Suresh P  Radke G  Morgan TD  Oppert B 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(5):1676-1682

A partially purified protein fraction was isolated from seed flour of the Indian wild bean, Lablab purpureus, by ion exchange and size-exclusion chromatographies. Partially purified L. purpureus proteins had hemagglutination and glycoslyation properties similar to those of lectins or lectin-like proteins from other pulses. Data obtained from two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, MALDI-TOF, and MALDI-TOF/TOF and N-terminal protein sequencing of the isolated polypeptides from L. purpureus demonstrated that the extract contained proteins similar to isoforms of arcelins 3 and 4 and pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PvPR1) of Phaseolus vulgaris. L. purpureus proteins were resistant to degradation by the commercial enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin and were moderately resistant to pepsin, but were readily hydrolyzed to smaller peptides by papain. Insect feeding bioassays of the extract with the storage pests Rhyzopertha dominica and Oryzaephilus surinamensis, internal and external feeders of grain, respectively, demonstrated that L. purpureus proteins at 2% in the diet resulted in retarded development. However, a 5% dose of the L. purpureus fraction resulted in complete mortality of all larvae in both species. This study has demonstrated that proteins in the partially purified L. purpureus extract have the potential to control storage pests in cereals transformed with L. purpureus defense-related genes, but the need for more studies regarding efficacy and safety is discussed.  相似文献   

Fate and short-term persistence of permethrin insecticide injected in a northern Ontario (Canada) headwater stream     

Kanth M. S. Sundaram 《Pest management science》1991,31(3):281-294

1·275 dm³ of a l·3g dm^?3 aqueous emulsion of permethrin (i.e. 1·658 g permethrin) was applied to the surface of a fast-flowing stream by manual injection. Water samples were collected from the top 1-cm layer at different intervals of time at various distances downstream from the site of application. Caged samples of stream detritus, crayfish, brook trout and stonefly nymphs, bottled sediment and potted aquatic plants were placed 280 m from the treatment site, and collected afterwards for residue analysis. The downstream movement of the chemical was not uniform with peak concentrations of about 12 ng ml^?1 at 30 m and 0·1 ng ml^?1 at 730 m from the treatment site. The peak concentrations (ng g^?1) in potted aquatic plants, caged detritus, crayfish and brook trout were about 18, 39, 14 and 11 respectively. The residues were higher than the ambient water concentration (1·67 ng ml^?1) and dissipated slowly. The peak concentration in the bottled sediment was 2·75 ng g^?1, and the residues were lost rapidly. In contrast, the naturally occurring sediment in a beaver pond showed high residues that persisted for a longer period of time. Permethrin concentrations in invertebrate drift ranged from 9 to 357 ng g^?1, depending on the distance from the application site. The study demonstrated that aquatic invertebrates, plants and stream detritus acted as the major sink for the chemical.  相似文献   

Estimating buffer zone widths for pesticide applications     

Nicholas J. Payne  Blair V. Helson  Kanth M. S. Sundaram  Richard A. Fleming 《Pest management science》1988,24(2):147-161

A technique for estimating the width of buffer zones required around sensitive areas during pesticide applications has been devised and tested. The technique has been used to estimate the buffer width required around water bodies during ground-based permethrin applications in Canadian forests to prevent significant impact on fish and their food populations. A worst- case scenario was developed for environmental impact in water bodies result ing from ground-based permethrin applications, and a spray application was made under these worst-case conditions. Permethrin deposit on ground sheets was measured downwind of overlaid crosswind swaths. From these measurements the deposit at various downwind distances from a single crosswind swath was calculated, and a curvilinear regression line fitted to these values. Permethrin deposit downwind of multiple-swath applications was computed by adding the contributions from individual swaths. Mortality resulting from various permethrin concentrations was measured for Aedes aegypti larvae. Although these larvae are not an important food species for the fish species of interest, salmon and trout, they are more sensitive to permethrin than most aquatic invertebrates. Predicted mortality in populations of this species and Salmo gairdneri, rainbow trout, at various downwind distances from the permethrin application was calculated from the toxicological and spray-cloud dispersal data. Buffer width was estimated by choosing an acceptably low mortality, and determining the downwind distance at which this value was obtained. For example, a 20 m swath width was found to be adequate to limit mortality in A. aegypti andS. gairdneri populations to 10 and 0.1% during ground-based permethrin applications.  相似文献   

Selective mechanism of action of tebufenozide on lepidopteran cell lines     

Meenakshi Sundaram  Subba R Palli  P J Krell  Sardar S Sohi  Arthur Retnakaran 《Pest management science》1999,55(6):654-655

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Degradation of bifenthrin,chlorpyrifos and imidacloprid in soil and bedding materials at termiticidal application rates     

Sundaram Baskaran  Rai S Kookana  Ravendra Naidu 《Pest management science》1999,55(12):1222-1228

Organophosphorus, pyrethroid and chloronicotinyl insecticides have been used to control termites in building structures in recent years. We investigated the degradation behaviour of three insecticides (bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos and imidacloprid) at termiticidal application rates under standard laboratory conditions (25 °C, 60% field moisture capacity and darkness) for 24 months. The study was carried out on one soil and two bedding materials (sand-dolomite and quarry sand), which are commonly used under housing in Australia. Experiments were also conducted to examine the effect of soil moisture on the degradation of these insecticides. Insecticide residues in the samples collected at different days after application were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The rate of degradation of bifenthrin and imidacloprid insecticides was adequately described by a first-order kinetic model (r² = 0.93–0.97). However, chlorpyrifos degradation was biphasic, showing an initial faster degradation followed by a slower rate. Therefore, the degradation data during the slower phase only (after a two-month period) followed the first-order law (r² = 0.95). Soil moisture had little effect on degradation of imidacloprid and bifenthrin. Among the three insecticides, bifenthrin and imidacloprid were most stable and chlorpyrifos the least. Chlorpyrifos showed a major loss (75–90%) of residue during the 24 months incubation period. In the bedding materials, simultaneous accumulation of the primary metabolite of chlorpyrifos, TCP (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol) was observed. Hydrolysis appeared to have caused the observed rapid loss of chlorpyrifos, especially in the highly alkaline bedding materials (sand-dolomite and quarry sand). © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Development and validation of class I SSR markers targeting (GATA) n repeat motifs in rice     

Passoupathy Rajendrakumar  Akshaya Kumar Biswal  Kannabiran Sakthivel  Maganti Sheshu Madhav  Chirravuri Neeraja  Sena M. Balachandran  Kommoju Srinivasarao  Podishetty Natarajkumar  Yadla Hari  Kalidindi Sujatha  Raman M. Sundaram 《Euphytica》2009,169(2):263-271

SSR markers targeting (GATA) _n motifs are known to be highly polymorphic and useful in many organisms. (GATA) _n motif specific SSR markers covering the whole rice genome are not available. The present study was carried out with an objective to identify class I rice microsatellites in the rice genome with (GATA)_n motifs, in-silico, and validate their potential as molecular markers. A total of 243 such motifs were identified; 65 of these were present in the genic region, 59 were in the upstream region and the remaining motifs were found in the intergenic regions. Many of the (GATA) _n motifs were found within and/or upstream of genes associated with biotic or abiotic stress tolerance. A total of 230 PCR-based markers targeting all the class I (GATA) _n microsatellites were developed and 35 of these markers spread across the rice genome were validated in a set of 24 representative rice varieties belonging to five distinct cultivar groups. All the markers were polymorphic, with average polymorphism information content (PIC) value of 0.61, and the rice cultivars could be uniquely distinguished into different cultivar groups based on marker analysis. These informative markers targeting (GATA) _n motifs representing a new set of markers in rice will be highly useful for genetic studies and marker-assisted selection. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Passoupathy Rajendrakumar, Akshaya Kumar Biswal and Kannabiran Sakthivel contributed equally.  相似文献