Amino acid digestibility of corn distillers dried grains with solubles, liquid condensed solubles, pulse dried thin stillage, and syrup balls fed to growing pigs     

Soares JA  Stein HH  Singh V  Shurson GS  Pettigrew JE 《Journal of animal science》2012,90(4):1255-1261

Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) has low and variable AA digestibility. The variability is often attributed to damage during the heating process, and it has been suggested that the damage happens to the soluble components of DDGS such as reducing sugars. Combining solubles and grains sometimes produces syrup balls (SB); their digestibility is unknown. The objective of this experiment was to identify potential sources of poor and variable AA digestibility in DDGS. Specifically, our objective was to determine whether the problems are associated with the solubles component or with SB. The ingredients evaluated were DDGS, intact SB, ground SB, liquid condensed solubles (LCS), and pulse dried thin stillage (PDTS) obtained from the same ethanol plant. The LCS is produced by evaporation of thin stillage. Each ingredient was used as the only source of AA in an experimental diet. In a duplicate 6 × 6 Latin square design with 7-d adaptation and collection periods, the 6 treatments consisted of an N-free diet and the 5 test ingredients. Pigs had 5 d of adaptation to each diet, and on d 6 and 7 ileal digesta were collected from an ileal cannula for 8 h each day. Both SB treatments had apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA that were similar or greater (P < 0.05) than those of DDGS. The AID and SID values of Lys and a few other AA were similar in LCS (SID Lys: 63.1%) and DDGS (SID Lys: 61.5%), but the digestibility values of most AA in LCS were less than in DDGS (P < 0.05). The low digestibility of AA in LCS was most pronounced for Met (SID: LCS, 41.9% vs. DDGS, 82.8%). The LCS had less (P < 0.05) AID and SID of CP (SID: 67.8%) than intact SB (SID: 85.2%) and ground SB (SID: 85.9%) as well as all AA. The PDTS generally had the least AID and SID and had less (P < 0.05) CP (SID: 55.3%) and several AA, including Lys, compared with LCS. In conclusion, the presence of SB does not decrease AA digestibility of DDGS, and the LCS evaluated has less indispensible AA digestibility than DDGS. The LCS has low digestibility of AA that seems to not be caused by heat damage.  相似文献   

Effects of dietary spray-dried egg on growth performance and health of weaned pigs     

Song M  Che TM  Liu Y  Soares JA  Harmon BG  Pettigrew JE 《Journal of animal science》2012,90(9):3080-3087

Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutrient contributions and physiological health benefits of spray-dried egg (SDE) containing only unfertilized eggs as a protein source in nursery pig diets. In all experiments, all diets were formulated to the same ME and Lys content, and each pen within a block (by BW) housed the same number of barrows and gilts. In Exp. 1 and 2 (168 and 140 pigs, respectively; 5 kg BW; 16 d old; 14 replicates/experiment), conducted at a university farm, treatments were with or without 5% SDE in a nursery control diet, which included antibiotics and zinc oxide. Pigs were fed for 10 d after weaning to measure ADG, ADFI, and G:F. The SDE increased (P < 0.05) ADG (Exp. 1: 243 vs. 204 g/d; Exp. 2: 204 vs. 181 g/d) and ADFI (Exp. 1: 236 vs. 204 g/d; Exp. 2: 263 vs. 253 g/d) compared with the control diet but did not affect G:F. In Exp. 3 (1,008 pigs; 5.2 kg BW; 20 d old; 12 replicates/treatment), conducted at a commercial farm, treatments were in a factorial arrangement of with or without SDE and high or low spray-dried plasma (SDP) in nursery diets, which included antibiotics and zinc oxide. Pigs were fed for 6 wk using a 4-phase feeding program (phases of 1, 1, 2, and 2 wk, respectively) with declining diet complexity to measure ADG, ADFI, G:F, removal rate (mortality plus morbidity), and frequency of medical treatments per pen and day (MED). The diets with the SDE increased (P < 0.05) ADFI during phase 1 only (180 vs. 164 g/d) compared with the diets without the SDE but did not affect growth performance during any other phases. The diets with SDE reduced MED during phase 1 (0.75% vs. 1.35%; P < 0.05) and the overall period (0.84% vs. 1.01%; P = 0.062) compared with the diets without the SDE but did not affect removal rate. In Exp. 4 (160 pigs; 6.7 kg BW; 21 d old; 10 replicates/treatment), conducted at a university farm to determine whether SDE can replace SDP, treatments were in a factorial arrangement of with or without SDP or SDE in nursery diets, which excluded antibiotics and zinc oxide. Pigs were fed for 6 wk using the same schedule used in Exp. 3 to measure ADG, ADFI, and G:F. The diets with SDE increased (P < 0.05) ADFI during phase 1 only (195 vs. 161 g/d) compared with the diets without SDE but did not affect growth performance during any other periods. In conclusion, SDE can be an efficacious protein and energy source in nursery pig diets and improves health and, in some instances, increases growth rate.  相似文献   

Detection of porcine circovirus genotypes 2a and 2b in aborted foetuses from infected swine herds in the State of S?o Paulo,Brazil     

Alessandra MMG de Castro  Taís F Cruz  Vanessa R Salgado  Tatiana M Kanashiro  Karen L Ferrari  Jo?o P Araujo  Jr  Paulo E Brand?o  Leonardo J Richtzenhain 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2012,54(1):29

Background

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) has been associated with several disease complexes, including reproductive failure. The aim of this study was to identify the subtypes of PCV2 that are associated with reproductive failure in pigs from the State of São Paulo, Brazil and to investigate co-infections with other infectious organisms.

Findings

Samples of 168 aborted foetuses or mummified foetuses from five farrow-to-finish swine farms known to be infected with PCV2 and located in the State of São Paulo were tested for PCV2 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Positive samples were additionally tested for porcine parvovirus (PPV), Leptospira spp. and Brucella spp. by PCR. PCV2 was detected in 18 of the samples (10.7%). PPV, Brucella spp. and Leptospira spp were found in 2, 10 and 0 cases, respectively. Eleven PCV2 strains were sequenced and determined to be either genotype 2a (n = 1) or 2b (n = 10).

Conclusions

The findings indicate that the frequency of PCV2 infections in aborted porcine foetuses from the State of São Paulo is rather low (10.7%) and that co-infection with other pathogens is common and may be involved in PCV2 associated reproductive failure. No repeatable, characteristic amino acid motifs for regions of the PCV2 capsid protein seemed to be associated with abortion in sows.  相似文献   

Effect of strenuous exercise and ex vivo TLR3 and TLR4 stimulation on inflammatory gene expression in equine pulmonary leukocytes     

Mignot CC  Pirottin D  Farnir F  de Moffarts B  Molitor C  Lekeux P  Art T 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2012,147(3-4):127-135

The effects of strenuous exercise and ex vivo stimulation of TLR3 and TLR4 pathways on the expression of six inflammatory genes in equine pulmonary leukocytes were investigated. The genes tested were interferon-beta (IFN-β), interleukin-1-beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10), chemokine (c-c motif) ligand 5 (RANTES) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). We hypothesized that strenuous exercise would modulate basal gene expression on one hand and modulate the response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and to polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly IC) on the other hand. Eight young Thoroughbred mares were selected for the experiment. Bronchoalveolar lavages were performed on horses 48 h before and 24h after the completion of treadmill exercise until fatigue. Differential counts were performed on the bronchoalveolar lavage cells. Real-time PCR was used to quantify cytokine expression in pulmonary leukocytes. Target gene expression was normalized to the expression of three housekeeping genes (HKG). There were no significant differences in the mRNA expression of the six cytokines between pre-exercise and post-exercise cells. LPS and Poly IC induced respectively significant increases of TNF-α, IFN-β, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, IFN-β, IP-10 and RANTES, both before and after exercise. However, exercise induced a significant decrease of the genes response to LPS and Poly IC. These findings may suggest that strenuous treadmill exercise exerts a deleterious effect on part of the pulmonary immune response in horses 24h following an intense physical activity.  相似文献   

Regulatory pathways controlling the endovascular invasive trophoblast cell lineage     

MJ Soares  D Chakraborty  SJ Renaud  K Kubota  P Bu  T Konno  MA Rumi 《The Journal of reproduction and development》2012,58(3):283-287

Hemochorial placentation is characterized by trophoblast-directed uterine spiral artery remodeling. The rat and human both possess hemochorial placentation and exhibit remarkable similarities regarding the depth of trophoblast invasion and the extent of uterine vascular modification. In vitro and in vivo research methodologies have been established using the rat as an animal model to investigate the extravillous/invasive trophoblast lineage. With these research approaches, two signaling pathways controlling the differentiation and invasion of the trophoblast cell lineage have been identified: i) hypoxia/hypoxia inducible factor and ii) phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT/Fos like antigen 1. Dissection of these pathways has facilitated identification of fundamental regulators of the invasive trophoblast cell lineage.  相似文献   

A multiplex PCR for the detection of Brucella spp. and Leptospira spp. DNA from aborted bovine fetuses     

Richtzenhain LJ  Cortez A  Heinemann MB  Soares RM  Sakamoto SM  Vasconcellos SA  Higa ZM  Scarcelli E  Genovez ME 《Veterinary microbiology》2002,87(2):139-147

Bovine brucellosis and leptospirosis are important causes of bovine abortion around the world. Both diseases can be serologically diagnosed, but many factors may cause false positive and negative results. Direct methods based on bacteriological isolation are usually employed, but they are difficult, time consuming and dangerous. Monoplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have been successfully described for the detection of Brucella spp. and Leptospira spp. Aiming at improvement in the direct diagnosis, a multiplex PCR (mPCR) for the detection of these agents in aborted bovine fetuses is described. The detection threshold of the mPCR was evaluated in experimentally contaminated bovine clinical samples using a conventional proteinase K/SDS or a boiling-based extraction protocols. The mPCR was applied to two groups of clinical samples: 63 episodes of bovine abortion and eight hamsters experimentally infected with Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona. Adopting microbiological isolation as reference, the test showed a sensitivity of 100% in both groups of clinical samples. Seven samples collected from bovine fetuses were Brucella spp. culture negative but showed positive results in mPCR. Regarding Leptospira spp. detection, similar results were observed in three bovine clinical samples. All hamsters infected with Leptospira were positive in both microbiological culture and mPCR. The boiling extraction protocol showed better results in some clinical samples, probably by the removal of PCR inhibitors by heat treatment. The high sensitivity, simplicity and the possibility of detection of both bacteria in a single tube reaction support the use of the mPCR described in the routine diagnosis.  相似文献   

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modelling of intravenous,intramuscular and subcutaneous buprenorphine in conscious cats     

Paulo VM Steagall  Ludovic Pelligand  Tatiana Giordano  Christophe Auberger  John W Sear  Stelio PL Luna  Polly M Taylor 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2013,40(1):83-95

ObjectiveTo describe simultaneous pharmacokinetics (PK) and thermal antinociception after intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM) and subcutaneous (SC) buprenorphine in cats.Study designRandomized, prospective, blinded, three period crossover experiment.AnimalsSix healthy adult cats weighing 4.1 ± 0.5 kg.MethodsBuprenorphine (0.02 mg kg^?1) was administered IV, IM or SC. Thermal threshold (TT) testing and blood collection were conducted simultaneously at baseline and at predetermined time points up to 24 hours after administration. Buprenorphine plasma concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. TT was analyzed using anova (p < 0.05). A pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) model of the IV data was described using a model combining biophase equilibration and receptor association-dissociation kinetics.ResultsTT increased above baseline from 15 to 480 minutes and at 30 and 60 minutes after IV and IM administration, respectively (p < 0.05). Maximum increase in TT (mean ± SD) was 9.3 ± 4.9 °C at 60 minutes (IV), 4.6 ± 2.8 °C at 45 minutes (IM) and 1.9 ± 1.9 °C at 60 minutes (SC). TT was significantly higher at 15, 60, 120 and 180 minutes, and at 15, 30, 45, 60 and 120 minutes after IV administration compared to IM and SC, respectively. IV and IM buprenorphine concentration-time data decreased curvilinearly. SC PK could not be modeled due to erratic absorption and disposition. IV buprenorphine disposition was similar to published data. The PK-PD model showed an onset delay mainly attributable to slow biophase equilibration (t_1/2k_e0 = 47.4 minutes) and receptor binding (k_on = 0.011 mL ng^?1 minute^?1). Persistence of thermal antinociception was due to slow receptor dissociation (t_1/2k_off = 18.2 minutes).Conclusions and clinical relevanceIV and IM data followed classical disposition and elimination in most cats. Plasma concentrations after IV administration were associated with antinociceptive effect in a PK-PD model including negative hysteresis. At the doses administered, the IV route should be preferred over the IM and SC routes when buprenorphine is administered to cats.  相似文献   

Anti HSV-1 Activity of Halistanol Sulfate and Halistanol Sulfate C Isolated from Brazilian Marine Sponge Petromica citrina (Demospongiae)     

Tatiana da Rosa Guimar?es  Carlos Guillermo Quiroz  Caroline Rigotto  Simone Quintana de Oliveira  Maria Tereza Rojo de Almeida  éverson Miguel Bianco  Maria Izabel Goulart Moritz  Jo?o Luís Carraro  Jorge Alejandro Palermo  Gabriela Cabrera  Eloir Paulo Schenkel  Flávio Henrique Reginatto  Cláudia Maria Oliveira Sim?es 《Marine drugs》2013,11(11):4176-4192

The n-butanol fraction (BF) obtained from the crude extract of the marine sponge Petromica citrina, the halistanol-enriched fraction (TSH fraction), and the isolated compounds halistanol sulfate (1) and halistanol sulfate C (2), were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on the replication of the Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1, KOS strain) by the viral plaque number reduction assay. The TSH fraction was the most effective against HSV-1 replication (SI = 15.33), whereas compounds 1 (SI = 2.46) and 2 (SI = 1.95) were less active. The most active fraction and these compounds were also assayed to determine the viral multiplication step(s) upon which they act as well as their potential synergistic effects. The anti-HSV-1 activity detected was mediated by the inhibition of virus attachment and by the penetration into Vero cells, the virucidal effect on virus particles, and by the impairment in levels of ICP27 and gD proteins of HSV-1. In summary, these results suggest that the anti-HSV-1 activity of TSH fraction detected is possibly related to the synergic effects of compounds 1 and 2.  相似文献   

Ecological evaluation of polymetallic soil quality: the applicability of culture-dependent methods of bacterial communities studying     

Gorovtsov  Andrey  Minkina  Tatiana M.  Morin  Tatiana  Zamulina  Inna V.  Mandzhieva  Saglara S.  Sushkova  Svetlana N.  Rajput  Vishnu 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2019,19(8):3127-3138

Purpose

This work aimed to study the effect of long-term polymetallic contamination on the state and parameters of soil bacterial communities, including the abundance of different groups of culturable bacteria and the activity of nitrification.

Materials and methods

Monitoring plots were located in the dry lake and surrounding area, which had been formerly used for the discharge of industrial waste. The soils in the 16 plots were characterized by extremely high levels of heavy metal pollution. This study evaluated the main soil physicochemical properties by various methods, total metal contents by X-ray analysis, mobile metal content by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, the abundance of chosen groups of culturable bacteria by inoculation on solid media, and nitrification activity from ammonium and nitrite oxidation rates.

Results and discussion

High adaptation capacity of microbial communities to long-term pollution was revealed through marked lack of decrease in the abundance of some of the bacterial groups in soils with high contamination levels. Among the bacteria determined by the colony count method, copiotrophic and spore-forming bacteria were the least sensitive to contamination, and actinomycetes were the most sensitive. The high levels of soil pollution with heavy metals had pronounced adverse effects on nitrification activity. The decrease in activity was strongly correlated with pollutant concentrations. The oxidation of nitrite was shown to be more affected by pollution that the oxidation of ammonium.

Conclusions

Some groups and parameters of culturable microorganisms can be used for soil status estimation under pollution conditions even though they are only a small fraction of the microbial community. The most sensitive parameter was the nitrification rate, while the number of actinomycetes was found to be most promising parameter among the groups of bacteria determined by plate counts. The use of sensitive groups of culturable microorganisms for bioindication purposes is a method, which may provide a cheap and sufficiently reliable tool for large-scale soil monitoring studies.

  相似文献   

Identification of fructooligosaccharides in different banana cultivars     

Der Agopian RG  Soares CA  Purgatto E  Cordenunsi BR  Lajolo FM 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(9):3305-3310

Banana has been currently indicated as a good source of fructooligosaccharides (FOS), which are considered to be functional components of foods. However, significant differences in their amounts in bananas have been observed in the literature. This work aims to identify and quantify FOS during ripening in different banana cultivars belonging to the most common genomic groups cultivated in Brazil. Considering that these differences can be due to cultivar, stage of ripening, and the methodologies used for FOS analyses, sugar contents were analyzed by high performance anion exchange chromatography-pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). An initial screening of eight cultivars (Ouro, Nanic?o, Prata, Ma??, Mysore, Pacovan, Terra, and Figo) in a full-ripe stage showed that 1-kestose, the first member of the FOS series (amounts between 297 and 1600 microg/g of DM), was accumulated in all of them. Nystose, the second member, was detected only in Prata cultivar. Five of the cultivars were analyzed during ripening, and a strong correlation could be established with a specific sucrose level ( approximately 200 mg/g of DM), which seems to trigger the synthesis of 1-kestose (the low amounts of FOS, below the functional recommended dose, indicates that banana cannot be considered a good source of FOS).  相似文献