Television food advertising to children: the extent and nature of exposure     

Kelly B  Smith B  King L  Flood V  Bauman A 《Public health nutrition》2007,10(11):1234-1240

OBJECTIVE: To describe the pattern and prevalence of food and drink advertisements to children on commercial television in Sydney, Australia, and compare these with advertising regulations set out in the Children's Television Standards and results from a similar study in 2002. DESIGN: Data were collected by recording television from 06.00 hours until 23.00 hours on all three commercial channels from Sunday 14 May 2006 to Saturday 20 May 2006 (357 h). The study analysed advertisements in two children's viewing periods, one as defined in the 2002 study and the other according to current standards. Food advertisements were coded using 18 food categories and were analysed by time period and popular children's programmes. RESULTS: Food advertisements occurred in similar proportions during children's viewing hours and adult's viewing hours (25.5 vs. 26.9% of all advertisements, respectively), although there was a higher rate of high-fat/high-sugar food advertisements during children's viewing hours (49 vs. 39% of all food advertisements, P < 0.001). There were even more advertisements for high-fat/high-sugar foods during popular children's programmes, contributing to 65.9% of all food advertisements. Estimates of exposure indicate that children aged 5-12 years were exposed to 96 food advertisements, including 63 high-fat/high-sugar advertisements per week. Since 2002, there has been a reduction in overall food and high-fat/high-sugar food advertisements.CONCLUSION: Despite reductions in overall levels of food advertising, children continue to experience high levels of exposure to food advertisements, which remain skewed towards unhealthy foods. Further food advertising regulation should be required to curtail the current levels of advertising of high-fat/high-sugar foods to children, to make them commensurate with recommended levels of consumption.  相似文献   

A topoisomerase IIbeta-mediated dsDNA break required for regulated transcription     

Ju BG  Lunyak VV  Perissi V  Garcia-Bassets I  Rose DW  Glass CK  Rosenfeld MG 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,312(5781):1798-1802

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MM3-ELISA evaluation of coproantigen release and serum antibody production in sheep experimentally infected with Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica     

M. Adela Valero  Florencio M. Ubeira  Messaoud Khoubbane  Patricio Artigas  Laura Muiño  Mercedes Mezo  Ignacio Pérez-Crespo  M. Victoria Periago  Santiago Mas-Coma 《Veterinary parasitology》2009

During an experimental infection of sheep with Fasciola hepatica or F. gigantica, MM3-SERO and MM3-COPRO ELISA tests were applied to compare the kinetics of antibody production and coproantigen release between the 2nd and 32nd week post-infection (wpi). The Kato-Katz technique was used to measure the kinetics of egg shedding by both Fasciola species (eggs per gram of feces, epg). The kinetics of IgG antibodies for all sheep infected with F. hepatica and F. gigantica followed a similar pattern. Optical density (OD) increased rapidly between the 4th until the 12th wpi, when the highest values were reached and then decreased slowly until the 32nd wpi. Coproantigen levels increased above the cut-off value between 6 and 9 wpi in the F. hepatica group, and between 9 and 11 wpi in the F. gigantica group. The comparison between coproantigen levels and epg indicated that F. hepatica-infected sheep had detectable amounts of coproantigens 4–7 weeks before patency (egg shedding), while F. gigantica-infected sheep had detectable amounts of coproantigens 3–6 weeks before patency. When comparing the kinetics of coproantigen release vs the kinetics of epg, a similar pattern emerged, but with a two-week time-lag in epg, for both F. hepatica and F. gigantica infections. The amount of coproantigen release by each adult was not burden dependent for F. hepatica infection (burden of 33–66 adults), while it was for F. gigantica infection (burden of 17–69 adults). The results demonstrate the usefulness of the MM3-SERO and MM3-COPRO ELISAs as tools for the diagnosis of early as well as long-term fascioliasis infections, and suggest that they can potentially be applied to human fascioliasis even in countries where F. hepatica and F. gigantica co-exist. These tests can be employed not only in the diagnosis, but also in studies on epidemiology as well as pathogenesis and treatment in animals and humans since they allow post-treatment infection monitoring.  相似文献   

Potential use of characterised hyper-colonising strain(s) of Campylobacter jejuni to reduce circulation of environmental strains in commercial poultry     

Calderón-Gómez LI  Hartley LE  McCormack A  Ringoir DD  Korolik V 《Veterinary microbiology》2009,134(3-4):353-361

Sixty-two persistently colonising Campylobacter jejuni strains were tested for their ability to dominate colonisation of the chicken gastrointestinal tract in competition with each other leading to selection of dominant or "hyper-colonising"Campylobacter strains, which are able to displace others in the chicken intestinal tract. One such strain was shown to be a hyper-efficient coloniser of chickens, as it was able to displace other colonising strains, as well as maintain itself in the chicken intestinal tract for the duration of the 56-day broiler production cycle. Once colonisation was established, this hyper-colonising C. jejuni strain, 331, could not be displaced by other colonising or hyper-colonising strains. We proposed that a defined, hyper-colonising strain, or a cocktail of defined strains with a similar phenotype, could form the basis for biological control of unknown/uncharacterised Campylobacter strains from the environment that continuously colonise chicken flocks. To validate this approach, three different chicken infection trials were carried out. These trials demonstrated that the dominant strain of C. jejuni was able to colonise broiler chickens consistently and for the entire life of the birds irrespective of the day of inoculation and antimicrobial agents used in the feed to control other pathogenic micro-organisms. In addition, we have shown that the bio-control strain was able to replace other colonising strains at various points of a 56-day broiler production cycle irrespective of time and type of inoculation. This strain was also capable of re-establishing itself following the challenge with other strains, with and without re-challenge. This work represents a "proof of principle" that a defined C. jejuni strain could be used to biologically control circulation of uncharacterised environmental strains in commercial poultry flocks.  相似文献   

Inter-annual variability in the home range of breeding turtles: Implications for current and future conservation management     

Gail Schofield  Victoria J. Hobson 《Biological conservation》2010,143(3):722-129

We assessed home range size for breeding loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) near the limit of the species range at the Greek island of Zakynthos in the Mediterranean. Thirteen adult females and seven adult males were tracked using GPS units (loggers and transmitters) during May and June of 2006, 2007 and 2008. Kernel analysis indicated that core home range sizes (50% estimator; range: 2.9-19.7 km²) for both males and females were restricted to a 7.5 km tract of coastline. 15% of GPS locations fell outside of the national park protection zones, while within the protected breeding area 88% of GPS locations occurred in zones of minimal protection. Female home ranges were 64% larger in 2008 than in 2006 and 2007, indicating that several years monitoring may be required for the most effective designation of marine protected areas (MPAs). Ten of the tracked females departed the core breeding area on 15 occasions for periods of 1-15 days travelling distances of 10-100 km, although none nested at alternative breeding sites. The inter-annual variability of breeding area home range size and likelihood of incidence of forays appeared be correlated with barometric pressure. The movement responses of loggerheads to environmental conditions implicates an ability to switch nesting areas over small scales in response to climate change. However, such behaviour suggests the protection of existing core breeding sites may be inadequate, with policy makers being required to consider the protection of broader areas to encompass potential changes in the habitat needs of this species.  相似文献   

Influence of swab material on the detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae by real-time PCR     

Ferguson-Noel N  Laibinis VA  Farrar M 《Avian diseases》2012,56(2):310-314

Recent reports have shown an increased recovery of cells from flocked nylon swabs which may improve the specimen quality and the real sensitivity of diagnostic tests in a clinical setting. In this study, the detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and M. synoviae (MS), using dry swabs of different materials (nylon flocked, cotton, and polyester), was investigated using real-time TaqMan PCR protocols. Different types of samples, including dilutions of pure broth cultures of MG and MS as well as swabs from tracheas of experimentally infected chickens and field cases of infection, were analyzed. There were no statistical differences in real-time PCR results among the different swab types (P < 0.05), indicating that this is not likely to be a significant factor in MG and MS detection by this method.  相似文献   

Emerging issues regarding informed consent     

Hampshire V 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2004,224(2):177

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Characterization of platelet and soluble-porcine P-selectin (CD62P)     

Massaguer A  Engel P  Tovar V  March S  Rigol M  Solanes N  Bosch J  Pizcueta P 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2003,96(3-4):169-181

P-selectin (CD62P), an adhesion molecule expressed on activated endothelial cells and platelets, mediates the initial attachment of leukocytes to the stimulated endothelium upon inflammation and the interaction between leukocytes and platelets. A soluble form of P-selectin is present in the serum of healthy individuals as a circulating protein and high levels have been described in various pathological situations. The aim of this study was to characterize P-selectin on porcine platelets and investigate the soluble form of this protein, which are uncharacterized in several animal species including pigs. A new monoclonal antibody (mAb) (SwPsel.1.9) against porcine P-selectin was produced using a mouse cell line transfected with pig P-selectin cDNA. This mAb together with a previously described mAb (P-sel.KO.2.5), produced in our laboratory, was used to develop an ELISA to quantify porcine P-selectin. No significant levels of soluble-porcine P-selectin were observed in healthy animals. However, the total amount of P-selectin measured in porcine platelets was similar to that found in humans. Increased levels of this circulating protein were detected in the plasma from pigs after allograft implantation. In vitro, P-selectin expression on platelet membrane was rapidly induced by PMA and thrombin, as assessed by flow cytometry. However, these activators did not stimulate the release of soluble P-selectin. Analysis of the proteolytic cleavage of this protein from COS-transfected cells revealed that PMA treatment failed to cause the shedding of membrane-bound P-selectin. These data suggest that porcine P-selectin is a suitable marker for inflammation and that the mechanism involved in the generation of circulating P-selectin is not proteolytic release.  相似文献   

Genetic analysis of landscape connectivity in tree populations   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Victoria L. Sork  Peter E. Smouse 《Landscape Ecology》2006,21(6):821-836

Genetic connectivity in plant populations is determined by gene movement within and among populations. When populations become genetically isolated, they are at risk of loss of genetic diversity that is critical to the long-term survival of populations. Anthropogenic landscape change and habitat fragmentation have become so pervasive that they may threaten the genetic connectivity of many plant species. The theoretical consequences of such changes are generally understood, but it is not immediately apparent how concerned we should be for real organisms, distributed across real landscapes. Our goals here are to describe how one can study gene movement of both pollen and seeds in the context of changing landscapes and to explain what we have learned so far. In the first part, we will cover methods of describing pollen movement and then review evidence for the impact of fragmentation in terms of both the level of pollen flow into populations and the genetic diversity of the resulting progeny. In the second part, we will describe methods for contemporary seed movement, and describe findings about gene flow and genetic diversity resulting from seed movement. Evidence for pollen flow suggests high connectivity, but it appears that seed dispersal into fragments may create genetic bottlenecks due to limited seed sources. Future work should address the interaction of pollen and seed flow and attention needs to be paid to both gene flow and the diversity of the incoming gene pool. Moreover, if future work is to model the impact of changing landscapes on propagule movement, with all of its ensuing consequences for genetic connectivity and demographic processes, we will need an effective integration of population genetics and landscape ecology.  相似文献   

Effects of a program of human interaction and alterations in diet composition on activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in dogs housed in a public animal shelter     

Hennessy MB  Voith VL  Hawke JL  Young TL  Centrone J  McDowell AL  Linden F  Davenport GM 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2002,221(1):65-71

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a program of human interaction or alterations in diet composition would alter activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in dogs housed in an animal shelter. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 40 dogs. PROCEDURE: Dogs were (n = 20) or were not (20) enrolled in a program of regular supplemental human interaction (20 min/d, 5 d/wk, for 8 weeks) involving stroking, massaging, and behavioral training. In addition, half the dogs in each group were fed a typical maintenance-type diet, and the other half were fed a premium diet. Plasma cortisol and ACTH concentrations were measured during weeks 0, 2, 4, and 8 and before and after exposure to a battery of novel situations during weeks 0 and 8. RESULTS: Plasma cortisol concentration was significantly decreased by week 2, but plasma ACTH concentration was not significantly decreased until week 8 and then only in dogs fed the premium diet. Following exposure to novel situations, plasma cortisol and ACTH concentrations were significantly increased. However, during week 8, dogs enrolled in the program of human interaction had significantly lower increases in cortisol concentration than did dogs not enrolled in the program. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that both a program of human interaction and alterations in diet composition have moderating effects on activity of the HPA axis in dogs housed in an animal shelter and that activity of the HPA axis may be increased for a longer period during shelter housing than measurement of plasma cortisol concentration alone would suggest.  相似文献