Numbers of chloroplasts and pollen grain pores in diploid and tetraploid varieties of some Trifolium species   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

C. M. Najčevska  G. J. Speckmann 《Euphytica》1968,17(3):357-362

Summary In red clover (2n=14), berseem (2n=16) and in white clover (2n=32) the differences in the number of plastids in the leaf stomata and the number of germinal pores in the pollen grains between diploid and induced tetraploid plants was established.In all species the doubling of the chromosomes was followed by an increase in the number of plastids. This increase was about the same in all three species. The number of plastids in the stomata of the amphidiploid white clover was similar to that of the tetraploid types of red clover and berseem.The pollen grains of the diploid plants had almost exclusively three pores. The pollen grains of the chromosome doubled plants had predominantly more than three germinal pores.It was concluded that both characters can serve as useful indicators for establishing the polyploid level in the three clover species studied.  相似文献   

Inorganic and organic carbon dynamics in forested soils developed on contrasting geology in Slovenia—a stable isotope approach     

Nives Ogrinc  Tjaša Kanduč  Bor Krajnc  Urša Vilhar  Primož Simončič  Lixin Jin 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2016,16(2):382-395

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Throughfall quality and quantity in polluted and damaged ecosystems in Northern Bohemia     

Štěpán Růžička 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1995,83(3-4):205-218

The interaction between high concentrations of polluting gases (SO₂ and NO_x) and damaged forest ecosystems was observed by studying throughfall precipitation in the Erzegebirge Mountains, Northern Bohemia. Qualitative and quantitative data on throughfall for the period November 1989–October 1990 are presented. Weighted averages of SO ₄ ^2? and NO ₃ ^? concentrations in the throughfall were 23.05 mg L^?1 and 13.61 mg L^?1 in a beech and 34.41 mg L^?1 and 11.03 mg L^?1 in a spruce forest respectively. Three variables (the molar ratios of K/Na, N_tot/S and N-NO₃/N-NE₄) were used to compare the spruce throughfall quality to that observed in areas with similar however, less damaged spruce stands. Both K/Na and N-NO₃/N-NH₄ ratios clearly decreased with increasing tree damage, the N_tot/S ratio increased. The results suggest that the throughfall in damaged ecosystems of the Erzegebirge region becomes more like a wet precipitation as the tree canopies get sparser and the trees reduce canopy leaching.  相似文献   

Chromosomal interchanges and phylogeny of some accessions of Triticum aestivum subsp. spelta     

Wouter Lange  Stevan Petrović 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1996,43(2):179-186

Summary The occurrence of chromosomal interchanges was studied in F1 hyrids in two diallel schemes, including nine accessions of Triticum aestivum subsp. spelta, originating from Iran, Europe and North Africa, and the common wheat variety Chinese Spring as a reference. Seven accessions of subsp. spelta differed in one translocation from Chinese Spring. The European accession Grey differed in one or perhaps two interchanges from the reference variety, and Iran 417a showed a difference of three interchanges with Chinese Spring. In total six or perhaps seven interchanges were observed. Thus the number of translocation events in subsp. spelta appeared to be low. One translocation was unique and occurred only in the accession from North Africa. Also one accession from Europe, the landrace Schwarzwald, possibly carried a unique translocation. In both diallels an interchange with a relatively low coefficient of multivalent realisation at first meiotic metaphase was observed in most accessions. The two extra translocations in Iran 417a are considered to be the result of more recent translocation events, whereas the possible second translocation in accession Grey showed such a low coefficient of multivalent realisation that its existence could be doubted.  相似文献   

The sensitivity of water extractable soil organic carbon fractions to land use in three soil types     

Vladimir Ćirić  Milivoj Belić  Ljiljana Nešić  Srđan Šeremešić  Borivoj Pejić  Atila Bezdan 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2016,62(12):1654-1664

Soil organic carbon (SOC) has a high impact on the sustainability of ecosystems, global environmental processes, soil quality and agriculture. Long-term tillage usually leads to SOC depletion. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of different land uses on water extractable organic carbon (WEOC) fractions and to evaluate the interaction between the WEOC fractions and other soil properties. Using an extraction procedure at 20°C and 80°C, two fractions were obtained: a cold water extractable organic carbon (CWEOC) and a hot water extractable organic carbon (HWEOC). The results suggest that there is a significant impact from different land uses on WEOC. A lower relative contribution of WEOC in SOC and a lower concentration of labile WEOC fractions are contained in arable soil compared to forestlands. Chernozem soil was characterized by a lower relative contribution of WEOC to the SOC and thus higher SOC stability in contrast to Solonetz and Vertisol soils. Both CWEOC and HWEOC are highly associated with SOC in the silt and clay fraction (<53 µm) and were slightly associated with SOC in the macroaggregate classes. The WEOC fractions were highly and positively correlated with the SOC and mean weight diameter.  相似文献   

Immediate Impact of the Flood (Bohemia, August 2002) on Selected Soil Characteristics     

Dana Elhottová  Václav Krištůfek  Jan Tříska  Vladislav Chrastný  Eva Uhlířová  Jiří Kalčík  Tomáš Picek 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2006,173(1-4):177-193

In August 2002 extreme floods affected Bohemia a part of the Czech Republic, along Vltava and Labe rivers. After the flood had culminated, soil samples of arable and meadow soil (flooded and control-non-flooded) have been collected in the surroundings of the cities of ?eské Budějovice (CB, South Bohemia, the Vltava river, the upper flood stream) and Ústí nad Labem (UL, the Labe river, the lower flood stream). Different parameters of arable soils have been affected more significantly than those of meadow soils. Soil texture e.g. has been shifted from sandy loam to loam (CB) and clay loam (UL). Organic carbon, total phosphorus and nitrogen contents have been increased as well as the content of some hazardous elements such as arsenic. A shift of soil pH from 6.1 to 4.8 has been noticed in CB and an opposite one from 5.1 to 7.1 was measured in UL. Available phosphorus decreased in CB by 56% while a four-fold increase was measured in UL. Chlorinated organic pesticides level was significantly reduced, but that of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) increased up to the maximum values of legal limits. The UL arable soil also became heavily contaminated by PAH. The CB arable soil demonstrated high microbial activity, while UL arable soil suffered under stress conditions in this respect. The flooded meadow soils became covered with a layer of drifted soil sediment, which retained enhanced content of the PAH's different hazardous elements, and, in addition, the soil aeration was reduced.  相似文献   

Composition rather than viscosity modifies the aroma compound retention of flavored stirred yogurt     

Kora EP  Souchon I  Latrille E  Martin N  Marin M 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(10):3048-3056

The influence of thickening agents (modified starch/pectin mixture 0 and 7 g/L) and mechanical treatment (low, medium, and high) on the retention of esters (pentyl acetate and ethyl pentanoate), aldehydes (hexanal and (E)-2-hexenal), and a lactone (gamma-octalactone) in low-fat flavored stirred yogurts were investigated under equilibrium conditions. In the range studied, the thickening agent and mechanical treatment had little influence on aroma compound retention compared to the decreasing effect of increasing dairy protein concentration on aldehyde retention and the "salting out" effect of carbohydrates on esters. Moreover, experiments in dynamic mode (study of the release of hexanal when yogurts were heated) showed, in the conditions studied, that heat and mass transfer coefficients were not influenced by any of the studied factors (thickening agents and mechanical treatment). These results under static and dynamic conditions are not related to the significant decreasing effect of thickening agents on apple sensory scores associated with hexanal, observed in a previous sensory study. Thus, this sensory effect of thickening agents may be due to sensory interactions between perceptions rather than physicochemical interactions.  相似文献   

Phosphorus-use efficiency of kale genotypes from coastal Croatia     

Branimir Urlić  Gvozden Dumičić  Smiljana Goreta Ban  Marija Romić 《Journal of plant nutrition》2016,39(3):389-398

Understanding the mechanisms of phosphorus (P)-use efficiency (PUE) may contribute to enhancing crop P nutrition because species growth variability at low-P is well known. The experiment was carried out to evaluate the response of kale genotypes to different P supply in randomized block design in three replications. Low-P supply led to a decrease in most parameters, whereas an increase was recorded in root growth parameters. Genotypes differed in shoot dry weight (DW), leaf area, root length and area, and shoot and root P content and concentration. Root traits significantly positively correlated with PUE. Genotypes Red Russian (RR) and IJK 17 were superior in terms of shoot DW production at low P supply, and had the highest uptake efficiency. Genotypes IJK 17 and 81 had the highest P utilization efficiency, while Vates blue curled (VBC) showed the lowest PUE. Genotypes had similar shoot P content and concentration at low P supply, but large PUE differences, implying the importance of P utilization efficiency.  相似文献   

In vitro determination of the indigestible fraction in foods: an alternative to dietary fiber analysis   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Saura-Calixto F  García-Alonso A  Goñi I  Bravo L 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2000,48(8):3342-3347

Dietary fiber (DF) intakes in Western countries only accounts for about one-third of the substrates required for colonic bacterial cell turnover. There is a general trend among nutritionists to extend the DF concept to include all food constituents reaching the colon. In this line, a method to quantify the major nondigestible components in plant foods, namely, the indigestible fraction (IF), is presented. Analytical conditions for IF determination are close to physiological. Samples, analyzed as eaten, were successively incubated with pepsin and alpha-amylase; after centrifugation and dialysis, insoluble and soluble IFs were obtained. IF values include DF, resistant starch, resistant protein, and other associated compounds. IF contents determined in common foods (cereals, legumes, vegetables, and fruits) were higher than DF contents. Calculated IF intakes were close to the estimated amount of substrates reaching the colon. IF data could be more useful than DF data from a nutritional point of view; therefore, IF is proposed as an alternative to DF for food labeling and food composition tables.  相似文献   

Empirical predictions of plant material C and N mineralization patterns from near infrared spectroscopy, stepwise chemical digestion and C/N ratios     

Sander Bruun  Bo Stenberg  Jon Gudmundsson  Lars S. Jensen  Jesper Luxhøi  Anders Pedersen 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2005,37(12):2283-2296

Prediction of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) mineralization patterns of plant litter is desirable for both agronomic and environmental reasons. Near infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy has recently been introduced in decomposition studies to characterize biochemical composition. The purpose of the current study was to use empirical techniques to predict C and N mineralization patterns of a wide range of plant materials incubated under controlled temperature and moisture conditions. We hypothesized that the richness of information in the NIR spectra would considerably improve predictions compared to traditional stepwise chemical digestion (SCD) or C/N ratios. Initially, we fitted a number of empirical functions to the observed C and N mineralization patterns. The best functions fitted with R²=0.990 and 0.949 to C and N, respectively. The fractions of C and N mineralized at different points in time were then either predicted directly with regression functions or indirectly by prediction of the parameters of the empirical functions fitted to incubation data. In both cases, partial least squares (PLS) regressions were used and predictions were validated by cross-validations. We found that the NIR spectra (best R²=0.925) were able to predict C mineralization patterns marginally better than the SCD fractions (best R²=0.911), but considerably better than the C/N ratios (best R²=0.851). In contrast, N mineralization was better predicted by SCD fractions (best R²=0.533) than the C/N ratio (best R²=0.497), which was better than NIR predictions (best R²=0.446). Although the predictions with the NIR spectra were only slightly better for C and worse for N mineralization compared to SCD fractions, NIR spectroscopy still holds advantages, as it is a much less laborious and cheaper analytical method. Furthermore, exploration of the applications of NIR spectroscopy in decomposition studies has only just begun, and offers new ways to gain insights into the decomposition process.  相似文献