Working practices of cattle foot trimmers used for footcare in dairy cattle compared with those of veterinary surgeons for treatment of lameness in large animal practice     

O'Callaghan Lowe KA  Murray RD  Cripps PJ  Ward WR 《Journal of veterinary medicine. A, Physiology, pathology, clinical medicine》2004,51(9-10):429-434

A questionnaire was sent to 270 veterinary surgeons and 135 cattle foot trimmers, investigating their perceptions on lameness and associated pain, with particular emphasis on dairy cattle. Response rates were 58 and 51%, respectively, but the number of respondents fully answering each question varied. Cattle foot trimming methods, opinions on pain associated with lameness and methods used to control pain were investigated. Responses of both groups were compared. No veterinary surgeon attended more than 50 lame cattle per month. The 'Dutch Method' of foot trimming was always used by 47% of veterinary respondents and 89% of trimmers. Both groups considered lameness to be potentially painful. Orthopaedic shoes were used by 79% of responding veterinary surgeons and 97% of trimmers (P < 0.001) to alleviate weightbearing by diseased digits. Housing lame cows on straw was regularly recommended by approximately one-third of both groups. Around a third of veterinary surgeons used local anaesthetics when treating lame cattle. Only 27% used analgesics when treating lame cattle.  相似文献   

The risk of a horse-and-rider partnership falling on the cross-country phase of eventing competitions     

Murray JK  Singer ER  Morgan KL  Proudman CJ  French NP 《Equine veterinary journal》2006,38(2):158-163

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Fatalities resulting from horse falls occurring during the cross-country phase of eventing competitions initiated epidemiological investigation of the risk factors associated with horse falls. OBJECTIVES: To identify variables that increased or decreased the risk of a horse fall during the cross-country phase of an eventing competition. METHODS: Data were collected from randomly selected British Eventing competitions held in Great Britain during 2001 and 2002. Data were obtained for 173 cases (jumping efforts resulting in a fall of the horse-and-rider partnership) and 503 matched controls (jumping efforts not resulting in a fall). The risk of falling was modelled using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS: An increased risk of a horse fall was associated with jumping into or out of water; taking off from good-to-soft, soft or heavy ground; fences with a drop landing; nonangled fences with a spread > or =2 m; and angled fences. Other risk factors included riders who knew that they were in the lead within the competition before the cross-country phase; an inappropriate speed of approach to the fence (too fast or too slow); horse-and-rider partnerships that had not incurred refusals at earlier fences; and riders who received cross-country tuition. CONCLUSIONS: This study has identified modifiable course- and fence-level risk factors for horse falls during the cross-country phase of eventing competitions. The risk of horse and rider injury at eventing competitions should be reduced by 3 simple measures; maintaining good to firm take-off surfaces at fences, reducing the base spread of fences to <2 m and reducing the use of fences at which horses are required to jump into or out of water. Risk reduction arising from course and fence modification needs to be confirmed by intervention studies. Potential relevance: Knowledge of factors that increase or decrease the risk of a horse fall can be used by UK governing bodies of the sport to reduce the risk of horse falls on the cross-country phase of eventing competitions, and reduce the risk of horse and rider injuries and fatalities. As one in 3 horses that fall injure themselves and one in 100 horse falls results in fatality to the horse, we suggest that immediate consideration is given to these recommendations.  相似文献   

The relationship of soil province to molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Cryptosporidium parvum isolated from calves in Georgia     

Miller DL  Mauel MJ  Liggett A  Hines ME  Frazier KS  Pence M  Whittington L  Baldwin CA 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2006,171(3):478-482

Although Cryptosporidium spp. are found throughout the world and in multiple environmental conditions, few data are available that explore the possibility of an association between specific environmental parameters and the species or strain of Cryptosporidium. This study examines the potential association between a particular Cryptosporidium species/strain found in calves and soil provinces in Georgia, USA. Necropsy cases spanning the years 1996-2002 were tested. No significant differences (P=0.962, chi(2) test of homogeneity) between numbers of positive cases were noted among soil provinces. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences for the PCR products revealed sequence similarity of the products with Cryptosporidium parvum strain C1. Although, clinical Cryptosporidiosis in calves was not found to be affected by soil province and may be caused by a single genotype, other genotypes may be responsible for subclinical infection and warrant further investigation.  相似文献   

Tracking of energy and nutrient intakes from adolescence to young adulthood: the experiences of the Young Hearts Project, Northern Ireland     

Gallagher AM  Robson PJ  Livingstone MB  Cran GW  Strain JJ  Murray LJ  Savage JM  Boreham CA 《Public health nutrition》2006,9(8):1027-1034

OBJECTIVE: To assess tracking of energy and nutrient intakes between adolescence and young adulthood. DESIGN: Longitudinal study of a random sample of adolescents (aged 15 years at baseline). The extent of tracking of dietary intakes (assessed by diet history) was investigated using weighted kappa statistics (kappa). SETTING: Northern Ireland population survey. SUBJECTS: Adolescents who participated in the Young Hearts Project, Northern Ireland at age 15 years, and subsequently at young adulthood aged between 20 and 25 years (n=245 males, n=231 females). RESULTS: Despite overall increases in height and weight (both P<0.001), increases in body mass index in males (P<0.001) and body fatness in females (P<0.001), median reported intakes of energy (kJ kg(-1) day(-1)), carbohydrate (g day(-1)) and fat (g day(-1)) decreased (all P<0.001) over time. Expressed as nutrient densities (per MJ), diets at young adulthood were overall richer in thiamin, vitamin B6, total folate (all P<0.001), vitamin C (P<0.01) and vitamin D (P<0.05). Whereas the nutrient density of the males' diets decreased over time for calcium (P<0.05) and vitamin A (P<0.001), iron and riboflavin densities increased in the females' diet (P<0.001). Tracking of energy (MJ day(-1)) and nutrient intakes (expressed per MJ day(-1)) at the individual level was only poor to fair (all kappa<0.25), indicating substantial drift of subjects between the low, medium and high classes of intake with increasing age. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that individual dietary patterns exhibited at 15 years of age are unlikely to be predictive of dietary intakes at young adulthood.  相似文献   

Public health and biosecurity. Adaptations of avian flu virus are a cause for concern     

Berns KI  Casadevall A  Cohen ML  Ehrlich SA  Enquist LW  Fitch JP  Franz DR  Fraser-Liggett CM  Grant CM  Imperiale MJ  Kanabrocki J  Keim PS  Lemon SM  Levy SB  Lumpkin JR  Miller JF  Murch R  Nance ME  Osterholm MT  Relman DA  Roth JA  Vidaver AK 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,335(6069):660-661

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Quantitative and qualitative assessment of the demand for veterinarians and animal health technologists in western Canada     

Murray D. Jelinski  John R. Campbell  Leigh B. Rosengren 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2012,53(6):673-675

A manpower survey of veterinary practices in western Canada found that there were potentially 314 full-time equivalent veterinary vacancies. However, only 8% of the respondents were in urgent need of another veterinarian. The results underscore that hiring intentions are best viewed as a continuum and not as a simple dichotomous variable: “Looking to hire? (Yes/No)”.  相似文献   

Host and environmental reservoirs of infection for bovine digital dermatitis treponemes     

Evans NJ  Timofte D  Isherwood DR  Brown JM  Williams JM  Sherlock K  Lehane MJ  Murray RD  Birtles RJ  Hart CA  Carter SD 《Veterinary microbiology》2012,156(1-2):102-109

Bovine digital dermatitis (BDD) is a global infectious disease causing lameness of cattle and is responsible for substantial animal welfare issues and economic losses. The causative agents are considered to be spirochetal bacteria belonging to the genus Treponema, which have consistently been identified in BDD lesions worldwide. One potential means of controlling infection is the disruption of transmission; however, the infection reservoirs and transmission routes of BDD treponemes have yet to be elucidated. To address these issues, we surveyed for evidence of BDD treponeme presence in the dairy farm environment, in bovine tissues and in bovine gastrointestinal (GI) tract contents. A total of 368 samples were tested using PCR assays specific for each of three currently recognised, isolated phylotypes of BDD treponemes. All environmental samples, together with insects and GI tract content samples were negative for BDD treponeme DNA from the three phylotypes. However, we identified BDD treponemes in two non-pedal bovine regions: the oral cavity (14.3% of cattle tested) and the rectum (14.8% of cattle tested). Whilst only single phylotypes were detected in the oral cavity, two of the rectal tissues yielded DNA from more than one phylotype, with one sample yielding all three BDD treponeme phylotypes. Whilst it might be considered that direct skin to skin contact may be a major transmission route of BDD treponemes, further studies are required to characterise and determine the potential contribution of oral and rectal carriage to BDD transmission.  相似文献   

2. Veld reinforcement for increased meat production     

R. N. Murray 《African Journal of Range and Forage Science》2013,30(1):155-158

A programme of radical veld improvement applied on a farm in a cool, high rainfall area of East Griqualand is described. The veld was burnt in spring and fertilized with 300 kg/ha superphosphate and 45 to 60 kg/ha N. It was then heavily grazed with cattle and sheep during summer, using an eight‐camp rotational system, and in February it was oversown with cocksfoot and given a further 45 kg/N/ha. Grazing, with cattle only, continued into autumn. In the second year clover was sod‐seeded into part of the area.

With the eight‐camp grazing system, the number of MLU grazing days per ha increased from 161 on unimproved veld to 411 in the third year after improvement. In addition, the conception rate of cows increased from 85% to 97% and lambs could be run on the area which previously would support only mature, dry sheep.  相似文献   

Distribution of PDIA3 transcript and protein in rat testis and sperm cells     

ML Wang  WL Guo  J Liu  L Li  WJ Xing 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2013,48(1):59-63

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Biomass and Cu and Zn Uptake of Two Turfgrass Species Grown in Sludge Compost–soil Mixtures     

Li Hua  Yunlong Wang  Weixiang Wu  Murray B. McBride  Yingxu Chen 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2008,188(1-4):225-234

Two kinds of common turfgrass, fescue and ryegrass, were grown in soils amended with 20?×?80% sludge compost (SC) in this research. The effects of SC on two kinds of soil and response of fescue and ryegrass to the SC amendment were studied. The results showed that urease activity, extractable content of Cu and Zn and Electrical conductivity of both soils increased while pH decreased with the increase of SC amendment. However, the change of these parameters also depended strongly on soil characteristics. Sludge compost at the ≤40 and ≤60% levels can improve growth of fescue and ryegrass, respectively. The biomass of fescue grown in substrate with 40% SC increased 27% in a red soil and 44% in a yellow loamy soil compared to the control. The biomass of ryegrass grown in substrate with 60% SC increased 120% in the red soil and 86% in the yellow loamy soil. Sludge compost amendment at these levels did not significantly affect soluble salt contents of soil or Cu and Zn in plant tissue. Therefore, rational use of sludge compost can take advantage of its beneficial effect as a nutrient source for plant production while avoiding the potential deleterious effects on soil and plant.  相似文献