Pretreatment of macrophages with the combination of IFN-gamma and IL-12 induces resistance to Leishmania major at the early phase of infection     

Ota H  Takashima Y  Matsumoto Y  Hayashi Y  Matsumoto Y 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2008,70(6):589-593

Interferon (IFN)-gamma is essential but not sufficient to control leishmaniasis. It is known that IFN-gamma is one of the major macrophage-activating cytokines, and the activated macrophages are a principal source of interleukin (IL)-12, which induces autocrine macrophage activation. In this study, the combined effect of IFN-gamma and IL-12 on the susceptibility of macrophages to Leishmania major infection was evaluated. Macrophages pretreated with IFN-gamma and/or IL-12 were infected with the parasites. Four hr post-infection (p.i.), the levels of infection and parasite load in the macrophages treated with the combination of IFN-gamma and IL-12 (IFN-gamma/IL-12) were significantly lower than those in the nontreated cells. However, the macrophages treated with either IFN-gamma or IL-12 did not show resistance to L. major infection. In addition, 72 hr p.i., the IFN-gamma/IL-12-treated and IFN-gamma-treated macrophages showed significantly lower levels of infection and parasite load than the nontreated cells, and higher levels of resistance was observed in the IFN-gamma/IL-12-treated macrophages than in the IFN-gamma-treated macrophages. Although IFN-gamma/IL-12 treatment of macrophages prior to the infection led to the induction of resistance, as described above, this resistance was not induced when these cytokines and the parasites were added simultaneously to the macrophage culture. These results suggest that IFN-gamma/IL-12 treatment prior to the infection restricts the early phase of the infection.  相似文献   

Chemical deicer poisoning was suspected as a cause of the 2005-2006 wintertime mortality of small wild birds in Hokkaido     

Tanaka T  Tanoue G  Yamasaki M  Takashima I  Sakoda Y  Ochiai K  Umemura T 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2008,70(6):607-610

Many small wild birds died in the 2005-2006 wintertime in Hokkaido. Thirteen birds were pathologically examined and it was attempted to detect West Nile and influenza viruses from their organs. Consecutive pathological changes were fresh hemorrhage and acute circulatory failure. Viral detections were negative. Selective occurrence in wintertime, literature review and the results of pathological and virological examinations suggested chemical deicer poisoning as the cause of wild bird death. Chicks treated orally with deicer showed acute death and their pathological changes were similar to those of the wild birds. Because the chicks showed significant elevation of plasma Na concentration, plasma electrolyte analysis of the affected wild birds might be crucial to confirm our tentative diagnosis.  相似文献   

Genetic Analyses of an H3N8 Influenza Virus Isolate, Causative Strain of the Outbreak of Equine Influenza at the Kanazawa Racecourse in Japan in 2007     

Ito M  Nagai M  Hayakawa Y  Komae H  Murakami N  Yotsuya S  Asakura S  Sakoda Y  Kida H 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2008,70(9):899-906

In August 2007, an outbreak of equine influenza occurred among vaccinated racehorses with Japanese commercial equine influenza vaccine at Kanazawa Racecourse in Ishikawa prefecture in Japan. Apparent symptoms were pyrexia (38.2-41.0 degrees C) and nasal discharge with or without coughing, although approximately half of the infected horses were subclinical. All horses had been shot with a vaccine that contained two inactivated H3N8 influenza virus strains [A/equine/La Plata/93 (La Plata/93) of American lineage and A/equine/Avesta/93 (Avesta/93) of European lineage] and an H7N7 strain (A/equine/Newmarket/1/77). Influenza virus, A/equine/Kanazawa/1/2007 (H3N8) (Kanazawa/07), was isolated from one of the nasal swab samples of diseased horses. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Kanazawa/07 was classified into the American sublineage Florida. In addition, four amino acid substitutions were found in the antigenic sites B and E in the HA1 subunit protein of Kanazawa/07 in comparison with that of La Plata/93. Hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test using 16 serum samples from recovering horses revealed that 1.4- to 8-fold difference in titers between Kanazawa/07 and either of the vaccine strains. The present findings suggest that Japanese commercial inactivated vaccine contributed to reducing the morbidity rate and manifestation of the clinical signs of horses infected with Kanazawa/07 that may be antigenically different from the vaccine strains.  相似文献   

The effects of migration on the immunity of Black-Headed Gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus: Laridae)     

Nana USHINE  Osamu KURATA  Yoshikazu TANAKA  Tatsuo SATO  Yoshihiro KURAHASHI  Shin-ichi HAYAMA 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2020,82(11):1619

In order to elucidate the relationship between migration period and immunity related to susceptibility, we conducted research on Black-headed gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus). We captured 260 gulls and collected their peripheral blood. Their leukocyte (WBC) count, percentages of heterophils (Het) and lymphocytes (Lym), heterophil and lymphocyte ratio (H/L ratio), and CD4 and CD8α expression levels (CD4 and CD8α, respectively) were quantitatively analyzed over three migration periods (Autumn migration, Wintering, Spring migration). In Adult gulls, WBC counts and CD4 levels significantly increased. Moreover, the Het and H/L ratio decreased from the Autumn migration to Wintering. Conversely, only WBC counts and CD4 levels measurements significantly decreased from Wintering to Spring migration (P<0.05). The tested parameters of the Tokyo-bay population show a greater significant difference than the measurements of immunity of the Mikawa-bay population. This study suggests that the migratory period has a negative effect on an aspect of the immune system. Including the period-difference in the immune systems in the local population, it is necessary to investigate the relationship between the ecology of migratory birds and their immunity.  相似文献   

Genetic Analysis of an H5N2 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Isolated from a Chicken in a Live Bird Market in Northern Vietnam in 2012     

Tatsuya NISHI  Masatoshi OKAMATSU  Kenji SAKURAI  Huy Duc CHU  Long Pham THANH  Long van NGUYEN  Nam van HOANG  Diep Nguyen THI  Yoshihiro SAKODA  Hiroshi KIDA 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2014,76(1):85-87

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The potential for respiratory droplet-transmissible A/H5N1 influenza virus to evolve in a mammalian host     

Russell CA  Fonville JM  Brown AE  Burke DF  Smith DL  James SL  Herfst S  van Boheemen S  Linster M  Schrauwen EJ  Katzelnick L  Mosterín A  Kuiken T  Maher E  Neumann G  Osterhaus AD  Kawaoka Y  Fouchier RA  Smith DJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,336(6088):1541-1547

Avian A/H5N1 influenza viruses pose a pandemic threat. As few as five amino acid substitutions, or four with reassortment, might be sufficient for mammal-to-mammal transmission through respiratory droplets. From surveillance data, we found that two of these substitutions are common in A/H5N1 viruses, and thus, some viruses might require only three additional substitutions to become transmissible via respiratory droplets between mammals. We used a mathematical model of within-host virus evolution to study factors that could increase and decrease the probability of the remaining substitutions evolving after the virus has infected a mammalian host. These factors, combined with the presence of some of these substitutions in circulating strains, make a virus evolving in nature a potentially serious threat. These results highlight critical areas in which more data are needed for assessing, and potentially averting, this threat.  相似文献   

Distorted genetic segregation of the transposon mPing at the long arm of chromosome 12 in rice     

Akira Horibata  Yoshihiro Kakikubo  Tsuneo Kato 《Breeding Science》2015,65(4):340-344

A class II transposable element, mPing exists in the rice genome ubiquitously and can transpose even in ordinary cultivation conditions. A copy of mPing was identified at the long arm of chromosome 12. In reciprocal backcrossed F₁s between a heterozygote and a homozygote without mPing, the male gametes with this mPing from heterozygotes were transmitted to the next generation at a lower frequency than those without mPing, resulting in distorted genetic segregation in self-fertilized progenies, as well as in F₁s after backcrossing. Pollens with mPing tended to germinate on stigma less than those without mPing. These results, however, could not explain the lower transmission of male gametes with mPing. In addition, no excision of mPing was observed in a homozygote. Thus, it was suggested that male gametes with mPing were eliminated partly from pollination to fertilization by negative competition against male gametes without mPing. Less formation of microspores with mPing in meiosis could also be a cause for the distorted segregation, although this could not be examined. At least two ORFs, whose functions have not been identified, are located near this mPing. It is plausible that either of these ORFs or both are necessary for the normal functioning of male gametes.  相似文献   

Oxygenation of bisphenol A to quinones by polyphenol oxidase in vegetables     

Yoshida M  Ono H  Mori Y  Chuda Y  Mori M 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2002,50(15):4377-4381

To understand conversion of bisphenol A and its related compounds under some chemical and biological environments, oxidation of these compounds was performed. Bisphenol A was oxidized to monoquinone and bisquinone derivatives by Fremy's salt, a radical oxidant; but salcomine and alkali did not catalyze the oxidation by molecular oxygen. Bisphenol A, bisphenol B, and 3,4'-(1-methylethylidene)bisphenol were converted to their monoquinone derivatives in the presence of oxygen and polyphenol oxidase from mushroom at 25 degrees C at pH 6.5. Among crude enzyme solutions of fruits and vegetables, potato, mushroom, eggplant, edible burdock, and yacon showed remarkable oxidative activity on bisphenol A. The highest activity was observed in potato, and the main product obtained by the enzymatic oxygenation was the monoquinone derivative of bisphenol A, accompanied by a small amount of the bisquinone derivative. The oxidation reactions found here will be useful for developing techniques for elimination of phenolic endocrine disrupters from the environment.  相似文献   

Genome-wide responses to shoot nitrate satiety are attenuated by external ammonium in Arabidopsis thaliana     

Takushi Hachiya  Yuki Okamoto  Masahiro Watanabe  Yumiko Takebayashi  Mikiko Kojima  Takamasa Suzuki 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2020,66(2):317-327

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Postnatal testicular development and actin appearance in the seminiferous epithelium of the Habu,Trimeresurus flavoviridis     

Masamichi Kurohmaru  Toshiyasu Matsui  Hitomi Igarashi  Shosaku Hattori  Yoshihiro Hayashi 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2021,50(2):417-421

The postnatal testicular development and actin distribution in the seminiferous epithelium were examined by light microscopy, using the testes of the Habu (Trimeresurus flavoviridis; snake) from 0-year-old to 3-year-old. At 0-year-old (about 1 month after birth), the testis was quite small in size, and the seminiferous epithelium was composed of only Sertoli cells and large spermatogonia. Actin immunoreactivity was observed in the peritubular myoid cells, but could not be detected in the seminiferous epithelium. At 1-year-old (about 10 months after birth), the testicular size increased to a great degree. In the seminiferous epithelium, spermatocytes newly appeared. Actin could still not be detected in the seminiferous epithelium. At 2-year-old (about 1 year and 10 months after birth), the testes continued to develop in size. In the seminiferous epithelium, elongate spermatids and round spermatids were frequently seen, in addition to Sertoli cells, spermatogonia and spermatocytes. Thus, active spermatogenesis was clearly recognized at this age. Moreover, the actin distribution in the seminiferous epithelium was observed at the site between Sertoli cells and spermatids, as well as that at adult stage. The immunoreactivity of actin in the peritubular myoid cells gradually increased from 0-year-old to 2-year-old. Conclusively, it seems likely that spermatogenesis in the Habu initiates at 2-year-old, accompanying with the appearance of actin in the seminiferous epithelium.  相似文献