Molecular typing and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Choleraesuis isolates from diseased pigs in Japan     

Asai T  Namimatsu T  Osumi T  Kojima A  Harada K  Aoki H  Sameshima T  Takahashi T 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》2010,33(2):109-119

Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis (S. Choleraesuis) isolates derived from diseased pigs in Japan during 2001 and 2005 were analyzed for biotype, based on H(2)S production and dulcitol fermentation, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profile, and antimicrobial resistance profile. S. Choleraesuis biotype Choleraesuis (biotype Choleraesuis) was classified into one genotype, while varietas Kunzendorf (var. Kunzendorf) was classified into two genotypes. The isolates of var. Kunzendorf belonging to one genotype were isolated in a limited area of Japan. Variation in the antimicrobial resistance pattern was observed in isolates of both biotypes Choleraesuis and var. Kunzendorf. We have also shown that the PFGE profile was associated with the biotype and isolation region of each isolate.  相似文献   

A phylogeographic study of the Japanese earthworm,Metaphire sieboldi (Horst, 1883) (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae): Inferences from mitochondrial DNA sequences     

Yukio Minamiya  Jun Yokoyama  Tatsuya Fukuda 《European Journal of Soil Biology》2009,45(5-6):423-430

To clarify the historical phylogeography of a Japanese earthworm, nucleotide sequence variations of Metaphaire sieboldi were investigated with respect to its geographic distribution. Sequencing of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), including the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) region and the 16S rDNA region, of 72 samples including 4 outgroup taxa, and phylogenetic analyses using neighbour-joining (NJ) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods indicated that M. sieboldi forms a monophyletic group. This monophyletic group was divided into seven subgroups; most subgroups comprised individuals from several areas, except for southern Shikoku and southern Kyushu. The phylogenetic tree demonstrated that the Shikoku and Kinki populations were paraphyletic at the basal node, and individuals from Kyushu and western Shikoku were positioned at the advanced group. Estimated phylogeographic events based on mtDNA analyses include (1) M. sieboldi originated in Shikoku and/or Kinki, (2) individuals from Chugoku and Kyushu have a common ancestor from Shikoku, and (3) individuals from western Shikoku originated from Kyushu progenitors (about 0.4–0.5 mya) after separation by rising sea levels.  相似文献   

An institutional case study of Japanese Water Users Association: towards successful participatory irrigation management     

Yukio?TanakaEmail author  Yohei?Sato 《Paddy and Water Environment》2003,1(2):85-90

This paper examines irrigation management conduct within the Japanese Water Users Association (WUA), namely the Land Improvement District (LID). LID is regarded as a successful case of participatory irrigation management (PIM), in which there are few conflicts over water between farmers so that it attains high social cost performance. However, the management system of LID still remains obscure. We throw light on this system assuming the existence of "the rule of fairness". Farmers operate the irrigation facilities in a self-serving way and have their own rule of fairness, such as upstream superiority, based on the long-term experiences of irrigation systems. We defined this rule of fairness as made up of two components: one is "fairness of outcome" and the other is "fairness of procedure". Finally, we discovered that the approach of LID staff is the essential factor to satisfying the farmers' criteria of fairness and maintaining peace; LID staff place importance on farmers' customary rules, taking care to remain neutral in arbitrating quarrels between farmers and trying to ensure organizational transparency to farmers. This can be also a good lesson for future PIM projects.  相似文献   

Phylogenetic groups and cephalosporin resistance genes of Escherichia coli from diseased food-producing animals in Japan     

Tetsuo Asai  Kaori Masani  Chizuru Sato  Mototaka Hiki  Masaru Usui  Kotaro Baba  Manao Ozawa  Kazuki Harada  Hiroshi Aoki  Takuo Sawada 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2011,53(1):52

A total of 318 Escherichia coli isolates obtained from different food-producing animals affected with colibacillosis between 2001 and 2006 were subjected to phylogenetic analysis: 72 bovine isolates, 89 poultry isolates and 157 porcine isolates. Overall, the phylogenetic group A was predominant in isolates from cattle (36/72, 50%) and pigs (101/157, 64.3%) whereas groups A (44/89, 49.4%) and D (40/89, 44.9%) were predominant in isolates from poultry. In addition, group B2 was not found among diseased food-producing animals except for a poultry isolate. Thus, the phylogenetic group distribution of E. coli from diseased animals was different by animal species. Among the 318 isolates, cefazolin resistance (minimum inhibitory concentrations: ≥32 μg/ml) was found in six bovine isolates, 29 poultry isolates and three porcine isolates. Of them, 11 isolates (nine from poultry and two from cattle) produced extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL). The two bovine isolates produced bla_CTX-M-2, while the nine poultry isolates produced bla_CTX-M-25 (4), bla_SHV-2 (3), bla_CTX-M-15 (1) and bla_CTX-M-2 (1). Thus, our results showed that several types of ESBL were identified and three types of β-lactamase (SHV-2, CTX-M-25 and CTX-M-15) were observed for the first time in E. coli from diseased animals in Japan.  相似文献   

Surgical closure of an atrial septal defect using cardiopulmonary bypass in a cat     

Uechi M  Harada K  Mizukoshi T  Mizuno T  Mizuno M  Ebisawa T  Ohta Y 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2011,40(4):413-417

Objective: To describe surgical repair of a large atrial septal defect (ASD) in a cat. Study Design: Clinical report. Animal: A 3‐year‐old, 3.3 kg, intact male Japanese domestic short‐haired cat. Methods: A 10.2‐mm‐diameter ASD detected by echocardiography was surgically corrected because pulmonary vascular resistance‐to‐systemic vascular resistance ratio (Q_p/Q_s) was 3.2. Using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), open surgical repair was achieved with an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e‐PTFE) graft. The priming volume of the CPB circuit was minimized by cutting the CPB tubing, and partially replacing the priming fluid with whole cat blood. To prevent hemodilution associated with use of cardioprotective agents, surgery was performed on the beating heart. Results: At 1‐year echocardiographic evaluation, the repair was intact, and at 3 years, the cat was alive without need of medication. Conclusions: Large ASD in a cat can be repaired using e‐PTFE under CPB.  相似文献   

Uptake by dietary exposure and elimination of aflatoxins in muscle and liver of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)     

Nomura H  Ogiso M  Yamashita M  Takaku H  Kimura A  Chikasou M  Nakamura Y  Fujii S  Watai M  Yamada H 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(9):5150-5158

Uptake and elimination of aflatoxins (AFs) by rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) during a long-term (21 days) dietary exposure were studied to assess contamination by AFs in aquaculture fish fed AF-containing feed. The uptake factor (UF) of aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) in muscle ranged from 0.40 × 10(-3) to 1.30 × 10(-3). AFB(1) concentrations in liver were 165-342 times higher than in muscle. AFs from feed were more highly accumulated in liver than in muscle. Aflatoxicol (AFL) and aflatoxin M(1) (AFM(1)) were detected in muscle and liver and also in the rearing water. AFL concentrations were higher than AFM(1) by 2 orders of magnitude in muscle, and AFL was a major metabolite of AFB(1). The elimination rate constants (α) of AFB(1) and AFL in muscle (1.83 and 2.02 day(-1), respectively) and liver (1.38 and 2.41 day(-1), respectively) were very large. The elimination half-life (t(1/2)) of AFB(1) was 0.38 days (9.12 h) in muscle and 0.50 days (12.00 h) in liver. The elimination half-life of AFL in muscle and liver was 0.34 day (8.16 h) and 0.29 day (6.96 h), respectively. These data show that AFs are eliminated rapidly and are not biomagnified in fish. Thus, AFB(1) concentration in muscle of fish fed AFB(1)-containing feed (ca. 500 μg/kg) decreased to below the detection limit (20 ng/kg) of the most sensitive analytical method at 1.54 days (36.96 h) after the change to uncontaminated feed.  相似文献   

Triterpenoids isolated from Zizyphus jujuba inhibit foam cell formation in macrophages     

Fujiwara Y  Hayashida A  Tsurushima K  Nagai R  Yoshitomi M  Daiguji N  Sakashita N  Takeya M  Tsukamoto S  Ikeda T 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(9):4544-4552

Because foam cell formation in macrophages is believed to play an essential role in the progression of early atherosclerotic lesions in vivo, prevention of foam cell formation is considered to be one of the major targets for the treatment of atherosclerosis. The present study examined the inhibitory effect of 50 crude plant extracts on foam cell formation. Among those crude extracts, Zizyphi Fructus (ZF) and Zizyphi Semen (ZS) extracts significantly inhibited the foam cell formation induced by acetylated LDL. Furthermore, triterpenoids such as oleanonic acid, pomolic acid, and pomonic acid were the major active compounds, and triterpenoids containing a carboxylic acid at C-28 play an important role in the inhibitory effect on foam cell formation in human macrophages. These data suggest that triterpenoids in Zizyphus jujuba , the plant source of ZF and ZS, may therefore be useful for the prevention of atherosclerosis.  相似文献   

Potassium fertilization and soil diagnostic criteria for forage corn (Zea mays L.) production contributing to lower potassium input in regional fertilizer recommendation     

Yoshihito Sunaga  Hisatomi Harada  Tahei Kawachi 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(6):957-971

Abstract

Effective soil diagnostic criteria for exchangeable potassium (Ex-K) combined with inorganic potassium (K) application rates were developed to lower K input in forage corn (Zea mays L.) production using experimental fields with different application rates and histories of cattle manure compost. Two corn varieties, ‘Cecilia’ as a low K uptake variety and ‘Yumechikara’ as a high K uptake variety, were selected from among 20 varieties and tested to make diagnostic criteria for K fertilization applicable to varieties with different K uptakes. The K uptakes increased from 96 to 303 kg K ha^?1 for ‘Cecilia’ and from 123 to 411 kg K ha^?1 for ‘Yumechikara’ with increasing Ex-K content on a dry soil basis from 0.11 to 0.92 g kg^?1 with no inorganic K fertilizer application. The K uptake by corn for achieving the target dry matter yield of 18 Mg ha^?1 was estimated to be approximately 200 kg K ha^?1 in common between the two varieties. Yields of both varieties achieved the target yield at an Ex-K content of approximately 0.30 g kg^?1 with no K fertilization, although ‘Yumechikara’ reached the target yield at a lower Ex-K content. At the low Ex-K content of 0.1 g kg^?1, inorganic K fertilizer application at 83 kg K ha^?1 was needed to gain the target yield, and apparent K recovery rate for K fertilizer was calculated to be 70% for both varieties. The K uptakes for gaining the target yield by the K fertilization were lower than that by soil K supply. Based on these results, diagnostic criteria of Ex-K and inorganic K application rates were set up as follows: at an Ex-K content of < 0.15 g kg^?1, inorganic K fertilizer is applied at 83 kg K ha^?1 (100 kg ha^?1 as potassium oxide (K₂O) equivalent); at an Ex-K content of 0.15–0.30 g kg^?1, the application rate is reduced to 33 kg K ha^?1 (40 kg K₂O ha^?1); at an Ex-K content of ≥ 0.30 g kg^?1, inorganic K fertilizer is not applied because of sufficient K in the soil. Additionally, we propose that cattle manure compost be used to supplement soil K fertility.  相似文献   

The relationship of readily decomposable organic matter of the paddy soil to its colloidal complexes     

Togoro Harada  Hidenori Hashimoto  Takayuki Yoshizawa 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(1):49-50

The soil nitrogen of paddy soil is found to exist in the form of organic and inorganic nitrogen. In general, the content of inorganic nitrogen is so low that it is mainly occupied by organic nitrogen. Such soil organic nitrogen is characterized by large resistance to decomposition by soil microorganisms, and so its mineralization occurs to a small extent in most cases. However, as revealed by M. Shioiri¹⁾ and T. Harada et al. ^2,3), by some appropriate treatment of paddy soil, a part of soil organic nitrogen becomes decomposed by microorganisms and mineralized under flooded condition. Among various treatment, for example, are Presented the followings: (1) air-drying of soil Prior to flooding; (2) raising the soil temperature during the flooded condition; (3) raising the soil reaction (pH 9.0) by addition of weak alkali solution; (4) the addition of neutral salts such as Nafiuoride, Na-phosphate, Na-oxalate etc., which make soil humus peptizable.  相似文献   

Studies on the organo-mineral colloidal complexes of paddy soil (Part 2) Humus contained in G1 of the degraded paddy soil     

Togoro Harada  Hidenori Hashimoto  Masaaki Hara 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(1):105-108

Regarding paddy soil colloids as the so-called “organo-mineral colloidal complexes” of A. F. Tyulin, the authors separated the colloidal fractions after his method, and reported the characrzstics of each fraction, and content of humus and some characteristics thereof in the previous paper¹⁾.  相似文献