Impact of bark stripping by sika deer, Cervus nippon, on subalpine coniferous forests in central Japan   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

Shotaro Yokoyama  Ikuyo Maeji  Tsuyoshi Ueda  Masaki Ando  Ei&#x;ichi Shibata 《Forest Ecology and Management》2001,140(2-3):93-99

We investigated the effect of bark stripping by sika deer, Cervus nippon, on forest regeneration in subalpine coniferous forests on Mt. Ohdaigahara and in the Ohmine Mountains of central Japan. Bark stripping by sika deer occurred in five major tree species: Abies homolepis; Abies Veitchii; Tsuga diversifolia; Picea jezoensis var. hondoensis; and Chamaecyparis obtusa. The percentage of damaged trees on Mt. Ohdaigahara was higher than in the Ohmine Mountains, probably because of the higher deer density. On Mt. Ohdaigahara, the DBH distributions of stems for P. jezoensis var. hondoensis, A. homolepis, T. diversifolia andC. obtusa were bell-shaped with fewer smaller and larger trees. On the other hand, in the Ohmine Mountains the distributions for P. jezoensis var. hondoensis and A. Veitchii showed a reverse-J shaped with more smaller trees. Larger overstory conifers on Mt. Ohdaigahara were killed by bark stripping when 100% barked, although in the Ohmine Mountains ca. 50% of the trees survived even when 100% barked. After the disappearance of the overstory conifers on Mt. Ohdaigahara, the dwarf bamboo, Sasa nipponica, expanded into the forest floor due to changes in light reaching the forest floor. Since S. nipponica is the main forage of deer in this area, this increase caused a corresponding increase in the deer population, which in turn, could cause a further decline in the coniferous forests.  相似文献   

Chemical components of hardwood barks stripped by the alien squirrel Callosciurus erythraeus in Japan     

Noriko Tamura  Seiji Ohara 《Journal of Forest Research》2005,10(6):429-433

The Pallas squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus; common name in Japan: Formosan squirrel) was introduced in the 1950s and has established populations throughout southeastern Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. Some tree species in natural forests, parks, and gardens in residential areas have been intensively debarked by the squirrels, especially in winter and spring. The amounts of chemical components, such as polyphenols, resins, flavanols, and sugars, in the bark were compared among species and individual trees collected in the forest of Yokohama Nature Sanctuary. Interspecific differences in the extent of stripping were not related to the amounts of the four chemical components. For individual trees, the bark with feeding scars tended to contain more sugar than that without scars.  相似文献   

Perpetuating old ponderosa pine     

T.E. Kolb  J.K. Agee  P.Z. Fulé  N.G. McDowell  K. Pearson  A. Sala  R.H. Waring 《Forest Ecology and Management》2007

We review current knowledge about the use of management treatments to reduce human-induced threats to old ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) trees. We address the following questions: Are fire-induced damage and mortality greater in old than younger trees? Can management treatments ameliorate the detrimental effects of fire, competition-induced stress, and drought on old trees? Can management increase resistance of old trees to bark beetles? We offer the following recommendations for the use of thinning and burning treatments in old-growth ponderosa pine forests. Treatments should be focused on high-value stands where fire exclusion has increased fuels and competition and where detrimental effects of disturbance during harvesting can be minimized. Fuels should be reduced in the vicinity of old trees prior to prescribed burns to reduce fire intensity, as old trees are often more prone to dying after burning than younger trees. Raking the forest floor beneath old trees prior to burning may not only reduce damage from smoldering combustion under certain conditions but also increase fine-root mortality. Thinning of neighboring trees often increases water and carbon uptake of old trees within 1 year of treatment, and increases radial growth within several years to two decades after treatment. However, stimulation of growth of old trees by thinning can be negated by severe drought. Evidence from young trees suggests that management treatments that cause large increases in carbon allocation to radial xylem growth also increase carbon allocation to constitutive resin defenses against bark beetle attacks, but evidence for old trees is scarce. Prescribed, low-intensity burning may attract bark beetles and increase mortality of old trees from beetle attacks despite a stimulation of bole resin production.  相似文献   

黑荆树皮单宁组分研究(Ⅳ)——黑荆树皮多聚原花色素分子量及其分布研究     

沈宏毅  陈祥  肖尊琰  沈兆邦 《林产化学与工业》1991,(3)

应用凝胶色谱法对江西赣州不同种源、不同树龄和不同采集高度的黑荆树树皮多聚原花色素的分子量及其分布进行了研究。结果表明黑荆树树皮的丙酮-水(7:3v/v)浸提物的分子量及其分布和种源,树龄和采集高度无明显的关系,其数均分子量(Mn)大都在1000～1100之间,分子量分布在580～3000(10％～90％重量分数计)。同时也测定了绿荆树(Acacia decurrens)、银荆树(A.dealbata)和台湾相思(A.Confusa)的数均分子量,相应为1390,1030和1661。  相似文献   

四川冶勒自然保护区树皮下的甲虫     

宋佃远  郑发科 《四川林业科技》2007,28(2):66-68

作者于2005年7月~9月在冶勒自然保护区对生活在干枯、腐败树皮下的甲虫进行调查研究,共采集到218号标本,初步鉴定出20个科。以隐翅虫科Staphylinidae个体数最多,135头,占总数的61.9%,步甲科Carabidae次之,计29头,占13.3%。  相似文献   

落叶松树皮单宁组分的研究(凝缩类单宁组分研究之一)     

孙达旺  赵祖春  罗庆云  来伊符 《林产化学与工业》1986,(4)

从兴安落叶松(Larix gmelini)树皮提取物中分离出来的水溶性单宁,通过花色素反应、硫解反应、间苯三酚反应、~(13)C-核磁共振、旋光、紫外光谱和红外光谱等方法研究,判定为原花青定。落叶松树皮原花青定的终端单元由(+)—儿茶素及(—)—表儿茶素组成,二者的比例为8:2,延伸单元由(+)—儿茶素及(—)—表儿茶素组成,二者的比例约为3:7,水溶性单宁分子的平均聚合度约为8。  相似文献   

厚朴散与香薷散TLC鉴别中展开系统的改进研究     

吴兰 《中国兽药杂志》2015,49(4):21-23

为了研究厚朴散和香薷散现行质量标准中含苯展开剂的替代方法,分别以三氯甲烷-乙酸乙酯(10∶1)和环己烷-乙酸乙酯-异丙醇-甲醇-水-三乙胺(3∶3.5∶1∶1.5∶0.5∶1)为展开剂,开展对厚朴散中厚朴和香薷散中黄连的薄层色谱鉴别试验。结果表明,经改进后的薄层色谱方法斑点清晰,分离效果良好,专属性强,可避免毒性试剂苯对检验人员及环境的危害。  相似文献   

杨树树皮中化学成份与溃疡病关系的初步研究——Ⅰ.常量营养元素与溃疡病的关系     

景耀  朱玮 《西北林学院学报》1988,3(1):103-112

本文应用统计分析方法对毛白杨、加拿大杨、箭杆杨树皮中常量营养元素与溃疡病的关系进行了初步研究。相关分析和主成分分析的结果表明,杨树溃疡病菌分生孢子的萌发率和菌落生长量与氮、硫、磷、钙、镁含量成负相关,与钾含量成正相关,其中以氮的影响最为显著。同时,在二维空间对样本进行分类,其结果表明不同杨树树种之间六种常量营养元素含量及对溃疡病抗性的差异十分明显,从而为早期选育抗病品种提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

Stand characteristics and downed woody debris accumulations associated with a mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) outbreak in Colorado     

Jennifer G. Klutsch  José F. Negrón  Sheryl L. Costello  Charles C. Rhoades  Daniel R. West  John Popp  Rick Caissie 《Forest Ecology and Management》2009

Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.)-dominated ecosystems in north-central Colorado are undergoing rapid and drastic changes associated with overstory tree mortality from a current mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) outbreak. To characterize stand characteristics and downed woody debris loads during the first 7 years of the outbreak, 221 plots (0.02 ha) were randomly established in infested and uninfested stands distributed across the Arapaho National Forest, Colorado. Mountain pine beetle initially attacked stands with higher lodgepole pine basal area, and lower density and basal area of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii [Parry]), and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. var. lasiocarpa) compared to uninfested plots. Mountain pine beetle-affected stands had reduced total and lodgepole pine stocking and quadratic mean diameter. The density and basal area of live overstory lodgepole declined by 62% and 71% in infested plots, respectively. The mean diameter of live lodgepole pine was 53% lower than pre-outbreak in infested plots. Downed woody debris loads did not differ between uninfested plots and plots currently infested at the time of sampling to 3 or 4–7 years after initial infestation, but the projected downed coarse wood accumulations when 80% of the mountain pine beetle-killed trees fall indicated a fourfold increase. Depth of the litter layer and maximum height of grass and herbaceous vegetation were greater 4–7 years after initial infestation compared to uninfested plots, though understory plant percent cover was not different. Seedling and sapling density of all species combined was higher in uninfested plots but there was no difference between infested and uninfested plots for lodgepole pine alone. For trees ≥2.5 cm in diameter at breast height, the density of live lodgepole pine trees in mountain pine beetle-affected stands was higher than Engelmann spruce, subalpine fir, and aspen, (Populus tremuloides Michx.), in diameter classes comprised of trees from 2.5 cm to 30 cm in diameter, suggesting that lodgepole pine will remain as a dominant overstory tree after the bark beetle outbreak.  相似文献   

Aerially applied verbenone-releasing laminated flakes protect Pinus contorta stands from attack by Dendroctonus ponderosae in California and Idaho     

N.E. Gillette  N. Erbilgin  J.N. Webster  L. Pederson  S.R. Mori  J.D. Stein  D.R. Owen  K.M. Bischel  D.L. Wood 《Forest Ecology and Management》2009

We tested a new formulation of verbenone, an antiaggregation pheromone of the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), for area-wide protection of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon) stands in the western United States. Helicopter applications of verbenone-releasing laminated flakes were made at the rate of 370 g of active ingredient/ha to two sites, one in California and one in Idaho, during summer 2005. Each site consisted of five 20.23-ha treated plots and five matching 20.23-ha untreated plots. We assessed D. ponderosae flight into study plots using traps baited with aggregation pheromones and we tallied D. ponderosae attack rates on P. contorta trees in treated and control plots before and after application. There were no significant differences between numbers of D. ponderosae trapped on treated and control plots. However, a significantly smaller proportion of P. contorta trees was attacked in treated plots than in control plots at both sites; the attack rate in untreated stands was roughly three times that of treated stands in both California and Idaho, even at this low application rate. Furthermore, attack rate in 2004 was a significant explanatory variable for the response in 2005 regardless of treatment in both California and Idaho. There was no significant treatment effect at either site on attraction of Temnochila chlorodia (Coleoptera: Trogositidae) Mannerheim, a key predator of D. ponderosae, to the prey aggregation pheromone.  相似文献