城市垃圾堆肥的生态效应与对策研究   总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8  

范海荣  华珞  傅桦  王学江 《土壤》2004,36(5):498-505

本文分析了城市垃圾堆肥的生态效应,其中包括肥力效应:提高土壤养分,改善土壤的理化性质;生物效应:改善土壤的微生物特性,提高植物的产量和品质;环境负效应:造成土壤的沙化、盐渍化、重金属积累等;环境正效应:修复被污染的土壤,防止水土流失;并阐述了垃圾堆肥环境效应的预防措施。最后提出了城市垃圾堆肥的发展对策:提高垃圾堆肥的质量,发展有机无机复合肥。  相似文献   

土壤提取液中汽油的毒性研究   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

丁克强  骆永明  刘世亮  李振高 《土壤》2003,35(1):41-44

本文利用发光细菌法研究了土壤水提取液中2种汽油(90#和93#)的生物毒性。提取液中90#和93#汽油分别在63.2~90.1mg/L和62.7~91.1 mg/L范围内有较高的生物毒性,并随浓度的升高而增强,90#和93#汽油的土壤水提液EC50值分别为83.5 mg/L和83.7 mg/L,在土壤中的临界值为2308 mg/kg和3678 mg/kg。这些结果为发光细菌毒性测定方法在石油产品污染土壤生物毒性评价中应用提供了可能性。  相似文献   

Activite biologique des sols,modalités et lithodépendance     

F. Toutain 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1987,3(1-2):31-38

Summary In the first part of this paper, the qualitative and quantitative role of brown pigments in leaf litter is emphasized. In general, these products contain mainly nitrogen and are relatively resistant to mineralization. Earthworms and white rot fungi are considered the primary metabolizers of these complex compounds, whereas bacteria, enchytraeids and microarthropods seem to play a minor role in biodegradation of these compounds. The biodynamic behaviour of these compounds may account for the formation of mull, which is usually linked to high activity of earthworms and white rot fungi. On the other hand, moder formation is mainly carried out by activities of enchytraeids and different microarthropods in another type of litter with other properties, both in quantity as well as in quality. In the second part of this review, some examples are given which stress the role of the inorganic composition of the parent material (for example, the percentage of Fe in the C horizon derived from Rhetian sandstone) for biological activity in the corresponding soil. The effect of mineral nutrients applied by man are also discussed. In general the presence and activities of the various organisms and their biocoenoses depend largely upon the environmental conditions, the type and amount of organic litter and the productivity of the entire ecosystem.

Dedicated to the late Prof. Dr. M.S. Ghilarov  相似文献   

Element content of bark-beetles (Ips typographus Linne,Trypodendron lineatum Olivier; Scolytidea): A contribution to biological monitoring     

M. Roth-Holzapfel  W. Funke 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1990,9(2):192-198

Summary In two spruce-breeding bark-beetle species (Ips typographus, Trypodendron lineatum) the concentrations of 13 essential or toxic elements were determined by atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The beetles were collected from different regions of Baden-Württemberg with pheromone traps, as used for pest control. Within the same sample site, there was little variation in the element content of all investigated specimens of both scolytid species. A comparison of the element content between beetles of different sample sites yielded two different element-specific results. In all individual bark beetles, there was good agreement in the concentrations of essential elements (Ca, K, Mg, Zn, Cu), but considerable site-specific differences were found for elements with high ecotoxicity (Pb, Cd, Hg, Al). The significance of scolytid species as monitor organisms for heavy metal pollution is discussed on the basis of these results.Dedicated to the late Prof. Dr. W. Kühnelt Offprint requests to: M. Roth-Holzapfel  相似文献   

Rhizobial inoculation improves drought tolerance,biomass and grain yields of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris  L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) at Halaba and Boricha in Southern Ethiopia     

Aregu Amsalu Aserse  Daniel Markos  Genet Getachew  Markku Yli-Halla  Kristina Lindström 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2020,66(4):488-501

ABSTRACT

While pulses are staple food-legumes in Ethiopia, their productivity is low due to low soil fertility. Elite rhizobial strains that significantly increased shoot dry weight and nitrogen (N) contents of common beans and soybeans in greenhouse were selected for two-year field trials to evaluate their effect on yields of the pulses in the field. Each pulse had six treatments, namely four rhizobial inoculants, uninoculated control, and synthetic N fertilizer. In the drought-affected year 2015, inoculated pulses tolerated moisture stress better than non-inoculated controls. Inoculation was conducive to higher or equivalent yields compared to synthetic N fertilizer. At Halaba, bean inoculated with strain HAMBI3562 gave the highest grain yield (1500 ± 81 kg ha^?1; mean±SE) while the control yielded only 653 ± 22 kg ha^?1. At Boricha, HAMBI3570 gave a grain yield (640 ± 35 kg ha^?1) comparable to synthetic N. When rainfall was optimal in 2016, inoculation with HAMBI3562 and HAMBI3570 gave grain yields (around 4300 kg ha^?1) equivalent to synthetic N. With soybean, strain HAMBI3513 produced consistently higher or comparable biomass and grain yields compared to synthetic N. In conclusion, HAMBI3562 and HAMBI3570 for beans and HAMBI3513 for soybeans can serve as inoculants for areas having similar conditions as the test areas.  相似文献   

Use of the gef gene in a biological containment system in soil microcosms     

R. B. Henschke  E. J. Henschke  F. R. J. Schmidt 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1991,11(4):301-305

Summary Data on the use of a biological containment system in microcosms are presented. The system is based on a transposon Tn5-cassette containing a fusion of the lac promoter and gef controlled by lacI^Q. The suicide function was inserted into different bacterial hosts and its induction by isopropyl--d-thiogalactoside (IPTG) was tested in sterile and non-sterile soil microcosms. The results suggest that the killing effect of this gef-based suicide mechanism is insufficient under soil conditions.  相似文献   

生物冰核与灾害防御的研究进展   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

冯玉香  何维勋 《中国农业气象》2003,24(1):15-18

综述了生物冰核方面的研究进展，特别是有关灾害防御的内容。引起霜敏感植物体内的水在-2℃--5℃结冰而诱发霜冻，除去生物冰核是这类植物防霜的一条途径。生物冰核能显著提高昆虫的过冷却点，可能成为冬季使用的促冻杀虫剂。生物冰核促进细胞间冰晶形成而降低冰点，可能提高越冬植物的耐结冰能力。  相似文献   

外来入侵植物小子虉草研究进展与展望   总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1  

徐高峰  申时才  张付斗  张云  毛佳  金桂梅 《中国生态农业学报》2015,23(9):1083-1092

入侵植物小子虉草(Phalaris minor Retz.)对入侵地冬春农作物,尤其是麦类作物危害严重,是世界公认的麦田恶性杂草。近年来,小子虉草在云南省大面积暴发危害,且种群不断扩张,严重威胁农田生态系统和粮食生产安全。然而,我国目前除作者前期开展了初步研究外,尚少见其他研究报道,给其预警与防控带来较大困难。本文根据国外近年来的研究进展和作者前期研究结果,首先综述目前小子虉草在世界的空间分布,从种间竞争、化感作用等方面分析其对农作物的危害原因;并从小子虉草的生物学特性、种群遗传特性、生态适应性以及入侵环境的可侵入性4个方面,综述分析其种群入侵扩张的成因,同时介绍了国外关于该入侵物种的防除方法。最后结合我国小子虉草的发生危害特点,提出今后的研究建议。本文通过介绍小子虉草的生物学与生态学特性和种群的入侵扩张机制,对该物种的早期预警、限制传播以及入侵生态系统的恢复与管理均具有重要的指导意义,也为相关决策者掌握了解小子虉草和制定安全有效的防控策略提供参考。  相似文献   

Carabid beetles (Coleoptera,Carabidae) as bioindicators in biological and conventional farming in Austrian potato fields   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

B. Kromp 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1990,9(2):182-187

Summary Carabid beetles were sampled in 1980 and 1981 by pitfall trapping in two biologically and two conventionally farmed potato fields in B. Zell, Upper Austria. The cultivation differences consisted mainly of a herbicide application to one conventional field in 1980 and higher fertilization levels in both conventional fields in both years. The total carabid catch was 7428 beetles, representing 48 species. In both years the numbers of total carabids and numbers of species were higher in the biologically farmed fields. Of 16 dominant species (representing 96% of all carabids) only 5 (e.g., Platynus dorsalis, Poecilus cupreus) showed similar activity densities under both types of cultivation. Five species (e.g., Carabus spp., Amara consularis, Harpalus rufipes) were frequent only in one field. Pterostichus melanarius was the only species more numerous in the conventional fields, whereas five species occurred either more frequently or exclusively in the biological fields. Of these five species, Poecilus versicolor, Dyschirius globosus, Calathus fuscipes and, only regionally, Harpalus aeneus are considered to be bioindicators for biologically farmed agroecosystems. The frequencies of Amara consularis and Harpalus rufipes are apparently related to weed vegetation.Dedicated to the late Prof. Dr. W. Kühnelt  相似文献   

论“稻田圈”在保护城乡生态环境中的功能 Ⅱ.稻田土壤氮素养分的累积、迁移及其生态环境意义   总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19       下载免费PDF全文

曹志洪  林先贵  杨林章  胡正义  董元华  尹睿 《土壤学报》2006,43(2):256-260

自然状态下灌溉稻田每年比旱地要多固氮27kg hm^-2，可以减少氮肥用量，既节约农本和资源，又缓解对环境的压力。太湖流域不同类型稻田在水循环中可吸纳氮素N2～20kg hm^-2，是氮素的汇。该区平原稻麦轮作田氮素的径流流失量平均小于当年施氮量的5％，对苏南太湖地区面源污染的相对贡献率仅为7．5％，不是该区氮素面源污染的主要组成。稻田氮素向下淋失迁移的量低于麦田；太湖地区井水中硝态氮的超标率自20世纪80年代中期至今没有变化，说明该区井水中硝态氮含量高低与农业上氮肥用量没有直接联系。尿素挥发损失量稻季达施氮量的6％-21％，麦季为3．1％-6．5％；稻季氨挥发损失高于麦季；湿沉降带入土壤或水体的氮也是夏（稻）季高于麦季。总体上看，稻田向环境输出的氮少，而固定、汇集的氮多，“稻田圈”是保护环境的重要生态单元。  相似文献