Pathology in Continuous Infusion Studies in Rodents and Non-Rodents and ITO (Infusion Technology Organisation)-Recommended Protocol for Tissue Sampling and Terminology for Procedure-Related Lesions     

Weber K  Mowat V  Hartmann E  Razinger T  Chevalier HJ  Blumbach K  Green OP  Kaiser S  Corney S  Jackson A  Casadesus A 《Journal of toxicologic pathology》2011,24(2):113-124

Many variables may affect the outcome of continuous infusion studies. The results largely depend on the experience of the laboratory performing these studies, the technical equipment used, the choice of blood vessels and hence the surgical technique as well the quality of pathological evaluation. The latter is of major interest due to the fact that the pathologist is not involved until necropsy in most cases, i.e. not dealing with the complicated surgical or in-life procedures of this study type. The technique of tissue sampling during necropsy and the histology processing procedures may influence the tissues presented for evaluation, hence the pathologist may be a source of misinterpretation. Therefore, ITO proposes a tissue sampling procedure and a standard nomenclature for pathological lesions for all sites and tissues in contact with the port-access and/or catheter system.  相似文献   

Sampling procedure simulating on‐the‐go sensing for soil nutrients     

Michael Schirrmann  Horst Domsch 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2011,174(2):333-343

The emergence of a new sensor technology based on the use of ion‐selective membranes provides an increasing number of opportunities for on‐the‐go field measurements of soil nutrients and soil pH. In the future, on‐the‐go sensing should provide a cost‐effective monitoring of heterogeneous soils with high sampling resolution. It is suitable for site‐specific management because it can be focused on the spatial representativity of observation. This study evaluates the on‐the‐go‐sensing sampling design by comparing it with a standard approach to soil sampling for soil pH and the base nutrients P, K, and Mg under local field conditions in Germany. Soil samples were taken in two test sites at a resolution and in a manner as if they were sampled with an on‐the‐go sensing system and were compared with soil samples taken at a coarser resolution and with standard methods. In general, a higher variability was observed among the on‐the‐go samples due to their smaller sample support. The finer sampling resolution of the on‐the‐go design improved field‐scale semivariogram‐analysis results, identifying the spatial structures for soil pH, P, and Mg clearly. In addition, kriged maps of these soil parameters had predominantly higher estimation accuracies. However, the on‐the‐go samples were strongly influenced by the small‐scale variability of K in one of the test sites. This variability increased the kriging standard deviation for K by 50% compared with standard sampling design. Despite of this problem, the on‐the‐go‐sensing sampling design revealed field‐scale spatial variability for base nutrient status more accurately. Except for K, the mean absolute error of fertilizer‐application maps was reduced when using the on‐the‐go sample design in comparison with the standard sample design (Ca: 210/268 kg ha^–1, P: 2.85/6.75 kg ha^–1, K: 13.7/6.0 kg ha^–1, Mg 5.7/6.8 kg ha^–1). This will reduce over‐ and underfertilization using variable‐rate fertilizer‐application systems. In the future, it will be of interest if real on‐the‐go soil‐sensor measurements exhibit the same variability behavior addressed here or if results will differ substantially.  相似文献   

电量系统的数据拟合与计量方法     

薛海鹏  李华军 《农业机械化与电气化》2011,(8):51-52

在电量信息采集、传输、存储的过程中,常出现丢失数据或数据突变的情况。介绍一种离散数据曲线拟合和计量方法,鉴别数据采集过程中丢失的少量数据信息,并根据采集数据值判断、自动拟合丢失的数据,进而根据这些基本量计算电量信息。  相似文献   

Temporal stability of soil moisture in irrigated carrot crops in Northeast Brazil   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Edivan Rodrigues de Souza  Abelardo Antônio de Assunção MontenegroSuzana Maria Gico Montenegro  José de Arimatea de Matos 《Agricultural Water Management》2011,99(1):26-32

  相似文献   

低能离子注入种子的深度浓度分布的模拟     

王林香  祝恒江  郭常新  王世亨 《核农学报》2011,25(5):886-891

使用蒙特卡洛方法,在一维和二维模型下分别计算了20keV的Ti＋分别注入彩棉种子和花生种子的深度浓度分布。通过与同样初始条件下的TRIM程序计算结果和高斯拟合结果比较,本研究提出的二维模型获得的计算结果更加接近实验值。使用该二维模型计算了不同剂量下110keV的Fe＋注入彩棉种子和花生种子的深度浓度分布,并分析讨论了计...  相似文献   

Contribution of large-scale forest inventories to biodiversity assessment and monitoring   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Piermaria Corona  Gherardo Chirici  Ronald E. McRoberts  Susanne Winter  Anna Barbati 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,262(11):2061-2069

Statistically-designed inventories and biodiversity monitoring programs are gaining relevance for biological conservation and natural resources management. Mandated periodic surveys provide unique opportunities to identify and satisfy natural resources management information needs. However, this is not an end in itself but rather is the beginning of a process that should lead to sound decision-making in biodiversity conservation. Forest inventories are currently evolving towards multipurpose resource surveys and are broadening their scope in several directions: (i) expansion of the target population to include non-traditional attributes such as trees outside the forest and urban forests; (ii) forest carbon pools and carbon sequestration estimation; (iii) assessment of forest health; and (iv) inclusion of additional variables such as biodiversity attributes that are not directly related to timber assessment and wood harvesting.There is an on-going debate regarding the role of forest inventories in biodiversity assessment and monitoring. This paper presents a review on the topic that aims at providing updated knowledge on the current contribution of forest inventories to the assessment and monitoring of forest biodiversity conditions on a large scale. Specific objectives are fourfold: (i) to highlight the types of forest biodiversity indicators that can be estimated from data collected in the framework of standard forest inventories and the implications of different sampling methods on the estimation of the indicators; (ii) to outline current possibilities for harmonized estimation of biodiversity indicators in Europe from National Forest Inventory data; (iii) to show the added value for forest biodiversity monitoring of framing biodiversity indicators into ecologically meaningful forest type units; and (iv) to examine the potential of forest inventory sample data for estimating landscape biodiversity metrics.  相似文献   

An integrated sampling/speciation method for inorganic arsenic in soil solution     

Harald Weigand  Ilona Argut  Clemens Marb  Christoph Koch  Jürgen Diemer 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2007,170(2):250-258

Arsenic mobility, bioavailability, and toxicity in soil‐water systems are strongly affected by species distribution. In spite of species‐selective analytical tools, results may be biased by postsampling oxidation or reduction of compounds. The scope of this study was to delineate a speciation method for inorganic arsenic integrated with pore‐water sampling to prevent problems related to postsampling species transformation. Experiments were performed with exchange cartridges packed with quaternary amine (nitrate‐form) to separate anionic arsenate from uncharged arsenite. Standard solutions with varied As(III) : As(V) ratios as well as groundwater and soil‐solution samples were studied. Analyses were performed by ICP‐MS using either extraction cartridges directly coupled to the instrument or samples obtained by offline speciation tests. Results showed that As(III) passes the packed bed with the rinsing solution, while As(V) is retained on the column and can be released by elution with 0.25 M NH₄NO₃. Recoveries between 98% and 116% were insensitive to pH variation (pH 3–8) and competing anions. Groundwater samples from a contaminated site yielded recoveries between 92% and 125% when the sum of As(III) and As(V) was compared to total As. Integration of the speciation scheme with pore‐water sampling was tested in a soil‐column experiment. Soil material from a fen site with elevated geogenic As contents was subjected to a varying moisture regime. Reducing conditions during prolonged saturation caused a marked increase of As(III) concentrations. Conversely, when the soil was drained, total As levels decreased and were dominated by As(V). Overall, extraction results with standard solutions and natural samples indicate reliable performance of the method in experimental investigations and field studies.  相似文献   

基于GIS和高分辨率遥感数据的城市绿地抽样调查方法研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘敏  李明阳 《林业调查规划》2011,36(2):59-61,66

快速准确地获取城市绿地信息是城市绿地可持续经营和科学规划的基础.以南京市玄武区绿地为研究对象,以2002年SPOT5遥感数据为主要信息源,以同期南京市主城区交通旅游图、绿地统计资料为辅助信息源,通过目视解译获取各类绿地的准确资料.分别采用简单随机、系统、分层、空间平衡抽样4种计算机屏幕抽样方法,对研究对象的绿地信息进行参数估计,并比较分析各种抽样方法的抽样精度.研究结果表明:目视解译结果与统计数据相比,误差仅为5.1%;4种抽样方法的抽样精度大小排序为:空间平衡抽样(98%)(分层抽样(94%)(系统抽样(82%)(简单随机抽样(75%);空间平衡抽样与遥感图像目视解译的误差仅有2%,可以代替目视解译,较大幅度地降低了目视解译的时间、人工成本.  相似文献   

马铃薯甲虫空间分布型及抽样技术研究     

王利军  郭文超  徐建军  肖利凤  韩振忠  张建萍 《昆虫天敌》2011,(2)

马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)是我国马铃薯恶性入侵害虫。本研究利用聚集度指标检验、Taylor幂法则和Iwao回归法对马铃薯甲虫成虫、幼虫和卵在田间的空间分布型进行了研究。聚集度指标检测各虫态均为聚集分布,且种群聚集主要是由马铃薯甲虫各虫态本身的聚集行为,或由其本身的聚集行为与环境异质性共同作用所致。建立了马铃薯甲虫成虫、幼虫和卵在田间调查的理论抽样数学模型。田间抽样方法,成虫应采用大五点、对角线法;幼虫最适应采用Z字型法;卵最适应采用对角线法。  相似文献   

控制二类调查蓄积的方法研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

刘羿  向新年  刘安兴 《浙江林学院学报》2005,22(5):535-539

对森林资源规划设计调查(二类调查)中系统抽样和回归分析技术控制总体蓄积的方法进行了比较研究.结果显示,回归估计可充分利用抽样调查与小班调查的综合信息,提高控制二类调查蓄积量的精度,提高成果质量.通常情况下,回归估计的效率高于系统抽样.回归分析可提高抽样数据的利用效率,回归模型有利于监控小班调查质量,修正完善小班调查的数据;利用回归模型校正系统误差,避免因系统误差引起不必要的调查返工所造成的人力和物力资源浪费.参16  相似文献