云锦杜鹃的耐碱反应   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

郁书君  陈锡明  李贞植 《园艺学报》2008,35(5):715-720

 在循环型底面潮水式灌施营养液栽培系统中,对云锦杜鹃3年生实生苗进行了营养液pH4.5,5.5,6.5,7.5和8.5处理。结果表明,以植株地上和地下部干、鲜样质量为指标,营养液pH7.5的环境较为适合,而pH8.5处理不适宜云锦杜鹃的营养物质积累,即干、鲜样质量偏低,在其它的低pH处理中该指标均表现为中等水平;叶片叶绿素含量和光合效率随pH值的升高呈现出较不明显的下降趋势;根系与叶片的营养元素含量没有明显变化,除P之外,所有被测定的矿质营养元素在5个不同的pH处理中均而无明显差异。云锦杜鹃有一定的耐碱性,而且对微量元素没有特别的要求。  相似文献   

Response of mountain plovers to plague-driven dynamics of black-tailed prairie dog colonies     

David J. Augustine  Stephen J. Dinsmore  Michael B. Wunder  Victoria J. Dreitz  Fritz L. Knopf 《Landscape Ecology》2008,23(6):689-697

Sylvatic plague is a major factor influencing the dynamics of black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) colonies in the western Great Plains. We studied the nesting response of the mountain plover (Charadrius montanus), a grassland bird that nests on prairie dog colonies, to plague-driven dynamics of prairie dog colonies at three sites in the western Great Plains. First, we examined plover nest distribution on colonies that were previously affected by plague, but that had been recovering (expanding) for at least 6 years. Plovers consistently nested in both young (colonized in the past 1–2 years) and old (colonized for 6 or more years) portions of prairie dog colonies in proportion to their availability. Second, we examined changes in plover nest frequency at two sites following plague epizootics, and found that mountain plover nest numbers declined relatively rapidly (≤2 years) on plague-affected colonies. Taken together, our findings indicate that available plover nesting habitat associated with prairie dog colonies closely tracks the area actively occupied by prairie dogs each year. Given the presence of plague throughout most of the mountain plover’s breeding range in the western Great Plains, important factors affecting plover populations likely include landscape features that determine the scale of plague outbreaks, the distance that plovers move in response to changing breeding habitat conditions, and the availability and quality of alternate breeding habitat within the landscape.  相似文献   

Animal behavioral adaptation to changing landscapes: spring-staging geese habituate to wind farms     

Jesper Madsen  David Boertmann 《Landscape Ecology》2008,23(9):1007-1011

Wind farms are positioned in open landscapes and may cause loss of wildlife habitat due to disturbance, fragmentation, and infrastructure development. Especially flocking geese, swans, ducks and waders are regarded as vulnerable to wind farm development. We compared past and current displacement effects of two onshore wind farms and a line of land-based turbines on spring-staging pink-footed geese (Anser brachyrhynchus) to see if there was evidence of habituation. In one wind farm area, geese previously (1998) (Larsen and Madsen 2000) kept a distance of c. 200 m (the distance at which 50% of peak densities is reached) and they did not go between the turbines; today (2008) they keep a distance of c. 100 m, but do still not enter the wind farm area. In another wind farm, where foraging geese previously (2000) kept a distance of more than 100 m and did not enter the wind farm, they now (2008) forage between the wind turbines and keep a distance of c. 40 m to turbines. In 1998, geese kept a distance of 125 m to a line of turbines, compared to 50 m now. We conclude that geese have behaviorally adapted to changing landscapes created by wind farms. The difference in avoidance between the sites may be due to the sizes of the turbines which in this study were small in both rotor-swept area and in height compared to more recent “industry standard” of 2.5 and 3.0 MW turbines. The study points to the need for longer term studies to properly assess the impact of wind farms on wildlife, including consequent increased risks from inclement weather events of feeding, rafting, and migrating waterfowl.  相似文献   

The importance of host characteristics and canopy openness for pest management in urban forests     

《Urban Forestry & Urban Greening》2018

Urban forests are important for the health of cities. These forests face high anthropogenic pressure, including demands on their multi-functional role. Therefore, the impact of pests-induced disturbances may be greater for urban forests than forests outside of cities. Monitoring of pests in their native environment is an important tool for the management of urban forests. To better understand how pest population density is affected by the forest environment, we used the Oak bark beetle, Scolytus intricatus, as a model organism. The study was carried out in 2014–2015 in the urban forests of Pardubice City, Czech Republic. Pest population density was studied at three levels: branch, tree and patch. The increasing branch diameter was identified as an important variable with a threshold of 70 mm for entrance holes and 45 mm for emergence holes. Increasing host tree diameter at breast height with a threshold of 46.8 cm was statistically significant at the tree level in terms of the number of entrance holes. Increasing spring canopy openness was identified as an important variable at the patch level with a threshold of 50.78% and had a decreasing trend for the number of reared adults and their total body size. Big oak trees with thick branches under closed spring canopy are the most susceptible to attack by S. intricatus. Based on our findings, we propose that the maintenance of mature oaks under open canopies is important for urban forest management. Avoiding mixed plantings of oaks and conifers should promote these open canopies and lead to multiple advantages regarding oak silviculture.  相似文献   

不同采伐、集材方式对林地土壤理化性质影响的研究   总被引：39，自引：5，他引：34  

周新年  邱仁辉  杨玉盛  何宗明  林海明 《林业科学》1998,34(3):18-25

选择５种不同集材方式的皆伐作业与采伐强度为３０％的择伐作业,进行土壤理化性质指标变化程度的比较。在考虑各种作业的集材量和集材道面积的情况下,经主成分分析得出不同采伐、集材方式对林地土壤理化性质的干扰程度。认为,以皆伐作业手扶拖拉机集材为最大,其次为皆伐作业土滑道集材,其余依次为皆伐作业半悬索道集材,皆伐作业手拉板车集材,皆伐作业全悬索道集材,最低为择伐作业人力集材。  相似文献   

Study of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) regime shifts in the Iberian Atlantic shelf waters     

gueda Cabrero  Gonzalo Gonzlez‐Nuevo  Jesús Gago  Jose Manuel Cabanas 《Fisheries Oceanography》2019,28(3):305-316

Sardine fisheries in the Iberian Atlantic shelf (36°N–44.5°N) show decadal‐scale cycles. In the late 1990s, a positive phase in sardine stock was expected; on the contrary, catches have declined until now. Regime shifts in climatic and oceanographic variables on different scales (as forcing factor) and shifts in sardine stock (as result) have been used with the aim of identifying the physical variables that explain most of the sardine population variance in the region. Circa 1998, when last sardine regime shift was detected, the main patterns of large‐scale atmospheric circulation in the Northern Hemisphere with influence in the study area namely Northern Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and East Atlantic (EA) pattern changed and coupled in a combination that led to a rise in sea surface temperature and a decline in the coastal upwelling intensity. Several years with a downwelling situation in average in the main spawning and feeding Iberian sardine areas would have affected the stock abundance, averting the return to the projected positive regime. The sardine negative regime shift was detected first in the regions of the study located further north. The regional variable latent heat flux that groups a set of environmental processes related to the ocean–atmosphere heat exchanges and so with the turbulence manages to explain the 72% of sardine recruitment.  相似文献   

The ecological role of bivalve shellfish aquaculture in the estuarine environment: A review with application to oyster and clam culture in West Coast (USA) estuaries   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Brett R. Dumbauld  Jennifer L. Ruesink  Steven S. Rumrill   《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2009,290(3-4):196-223

Aquaculture is viewed as a potential mechanism to meet the growing demand for seafood around the world. The future of bivalve shellfish aquaculture in the U.S. hinges on sustainable practices on the part of industry and a more consistent regulatory regime. Bivalve shellfish aquaculture is a recent practice relative to its history in other countries, beginning in the late 1800s along the U.S. West Coast where it is now well established with farm raised product utilizing land-based hatcheries and grow-out directly in numerous estuaries. Bivalve shellfish aquaculture can be viewed as a disturbance which modifies the estuarine system in three ways: 1) changes in material processes — bivalves process food and produce wastes; 2) addition of physical structure — aquaculture introduces the cultured organisms and in some cases a physical anchoring structure; and 3) pulse disturbances like harvest and bed maintenance disturb sediments, remove species in addition to the cultured organisms themselves, and change resource or habitat availability. In U.S. West Coast estuaries, water column and sediment nutrient concentrations are relatively high and influenced by large tidal exchange and proximity to deeper nearshore ocean waters where upwelling controls production during summer months. Bivalves are unlikely to influence material processes except at local bed scales in these systems, although estuary-wide effects could appear as the fraction of cultured area rises or in poorly flushed bays. Bivalve culture clearly modifies estuarine habitat at local community and at landscape scales and effects are most often evaluated against existing structured habitat in the form of submerged aquatic vegetation. Individual activities act as pulse disturbances and the recovery of eelgrass (Zostera marina) to pre-disturbance levels is variable (< 2 to > 5 years). The extent of disturbance depends on the aquaculture practice and the distribution of eelgrass reflects a balance of space competition, pulse disturbance and recovery, and is therefore at dynamic equilibrium on aquaculture beds. Structure provided by aquaculture appears functionally similar to eelgrass for small benthic infauna and mobile epibenthic fauna while use of aquaculture as habitat by larger more mobile invertebrates and fish depends on mobility and varies with life-history stage and taxon being evaluated. Scale seems a very important management consideration and further research at estuarine landscape scales, especially for habitat use by important invertebrates and fish, may prove useful in designing and implementing best management practices. Though local and short term effects from aquaculture are clearly evident in U.S. West Coast estuaries, bivalve aquaculture does not remove area from the estuary or degrade water quality like other anthropogenic influences, and thus has not been implicated in shifts to alternate states or reduced adaptive capacity of the larger ecological system.  相似文献   

Effects of feeding regime and probionts on the diverting microbial communities in rotifer Brachionus culture     

Zizhong Qi  Kristof Dierckens  Tom Defoirdt  Patrick Sorgeloos  Nico Boon  Zhenmin Bao  Peter Bossier 《Aquaculture International》2009,17(4):303-315

Rotifer growth performance and microbial community changes associated with rotifer cultures were monitored while different feed types (Nannochloropsis oculata paste and the commercial yeast based feed CS-3000), different regimes (daily changes, changes per batch and no changes) and mixtures of three probionts (Phenylobacterium sp.; Gluconobacter sp. and Paracoccus denitrificans) were provided. It was shown that the dominant bacterial species in the cultures receiving either N. oculata or CS-3000 were different. However, in cultures receiving both feeds (either switching between feeds on a daily basis or on a batch basis), a high similarity in microbial community fingerprint was found. The presence of probionts was detected by the end of four batch culture cycles in spite of strong shifts of the bacterial community. By group discriminant analysis, it was found that Phenylobacterium sp. and Paracoccus sp. contributed positively to the CS-3000-fed group, while Gluconobacter sp. contributed positively to the N. oculata-fed group, although they did not appear as very dominant species.  相似文献   

水泵水轮机泵工况非设计工况流态与压力脉动分析     

朱迪  肖若富  陶然  刘伟超 《农业机械学报》2016,47(12):77-84

水泵水轮机的运行稳定性对抽水蓄能机组产生极大影响,为研究不同工况下水泵水轮机内部流态及压力脉动的详细特征,针对某一模型水泵水轮机,分析2种不同导叶开度下从较小流量到较大流量的内部流动和压力脉动。结果表明,小流量下活动导叶开度小时和大流量下活动导叶开度大时压力脉动较小,瞬时扬程的波动变化也小,流动平稳;小流量下活动导叶开度大时和大流量下活动导叶开度小时受到许多低频的影响,频率成分比较复杂,压力脉动幅值较大,瞬时扬程的波动也大,内部流动紊乱。  相似文献   

优化施肥对不同轮作系统稻田氨挥发的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

盛伟红  刘文波  赵晨光 《西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版)》2018,46(7):45-53

【目的】探究3种主要水旱轮作系统下,优化施肥对当季稻田NH_3挥发及氮素利用率的影响。【方法】试验设置水稻-小麦、水稻-蔬菜与水稻-冬闲田3种水旱轮作系统,每种轮作系统下设农民习惯施肥方式(FFP)和优化施肥方式(OPT)2种施肥处理,以不施肥处理为对照(CK),其中农民习惯施肥方式氮肥以基肥与分蘖肥施用量比例5∶5施入,优化施肥方式氮肥以基肥、分蘖肥、穗肥施用量比例5∶3∶2施入。于2015─2016年,采用传统抽气密闭室法,田间原位监测了不同处理以及4个环境因子(田面水NH+4-N质量浓度、水层pH、温度和深度)对当季稻田NH_3挥发的影响,并分析了4个环境因子与NH_3挥发通量的相关性,最后测定了不同处理水稻的产量、氮农学利用率、氮回收效率以及氮偏生产力。【结果】当氮肥作为基肥和分蘖肥施用后,由于尿素在水中的快速分解,各处理NH_3挥发通量均在施肥后第2天达到峰值,随后急剧下降,至第10天左右趋近于零;优化施肥方式下,穗肥施用后,由于施肥量较少且此时水稻对氮素的吸收利用增加,NH_3挥发通量无明显峰值,趋近于零。NH_3挥发积累量受施肥方式影响显著(P0.05),轮作制度及其与施肥方式交互作用对NH_3挥发通量影响不显著。3种轮作制度下,农民习惯施肥方式NH_3挥发积累量占氮肥施用量比例为25.9%~27.6%,显著高于优化施肥方式(22.6%~23.0%)。3种轮作制度下,NH_3挥发通量均主要受田面水NH+4-N质量浓度的影响,且二者间呈显著正相关关系,与水层pH、温度均无显著相关性;NH_3挥发通量与水层深度呈负相关关系,其中只有部分处理相关性达显著水平。在3种水旱轮作系统下,优化施肥方式平均水稻产量(9.0~10.2t/hm2)与农民习惯施肥方式(8.9~10.2t/hm2)差异均不显著,但氮肥农学利用率(21.3~26.1kg/kg)、氮回收效率(55.6%~60.3%)、氮偏生产力(50.0~56.8kg/kg)与农民习惯施肥方式(氮肥农学利用率12.6~15.6kg/kg,氮回收效率35.0%~37.6%,氮偏生产力29.8~34.1kg/kg)相比均有显著提高。【结论】不同施肥方式是影响NH_3挥发的主要因素,在不同的水旱轮作系统下优化施肥均可以通过氮肥运筹,在减少施肥量和保证产量水平的基础上,降低稻田的NH_3挥发损失,提高氮素利用率。  相似文献