优化施肥对不同轮作系统稻田氨挥发的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

盛伟红  刘文波  赵晨光 《西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版)》2018,46(7):45-53

【目的】探究3种主要水旱轮作系统下,优化施肥对当季稻田NH_3挥发及氮素利用率的影响。【方法】试验设置水稻-小麦、水稻-蔬菜与水稻-冬闲田3种水旱轮作系统,每种轮作系统下设农民习惯施肥方式(FFP)和优化施肥方式(OPT)2种施肥处理,以不施肥处理为对照(CK),其中农民习惯施肥方式氮肥以基肥与分蘖肥施用量比例5∶5施入,优化施肥方式氮肥以基肥、分蘖肥、穗肥施用量比例5∶3∶2施入。于2015─2016年,采用传统抽气密闭室法,田间原位监测了不同处理以及4个环境因子(田面水NH+4-N质量浓度、水层pH、温度和深度)对当季稻田NH_3挥发的影响,并分析了4个环境因子与NH_3挥发通量的相关性,最后测定了不同处理水稻的产量、氮农学利用率、氮回收效率以及氮偏生产力。【结果】当氮肥作为基肥和分蘖肥施用后,由于尿素在水中的快速分解,各处理NH_3挥发通量均在施肥后第2天达到峰值,随后急剧下降,至第10天左右趋近于零;优化施肥方式下,穗肥施用后,由于施肥量较少且此时水稻对氮素的吸收利用增加,NH_3挥发通量无明显峰值,趋近于零。NH_3挥发积累量受施肥方式影响显著(P0.05),轮作制度及其与施肥方式交互作用对NH_3挥发通量影响不显著。3种轮作制度下,农民习惯施肥方式NH_3挥发积累量占氮肥施用量比例为25.9%~27.6%,显著高于优化施肥方式(22.6%~23.0%)。3种轮作制度下,NH_3挥发通量均主要受田面水NH+4-N质量浓度的影响,且二者间呈显著正相关关系,与水层pH、温度均无显著相关性;NH_3挥发通量与水层深度呈负相关关系,其中只有部分处理相关性达显著水平。在3种水旱轮作系统下,优化施肥方式平均水稻产量(9.0~10.2t/hm2)与农民习惯施肥方式(8.9~10.2t/hm2)差异均不显著,但氮肥农学利用率(21.3~26.1kg/kg)、氮回收效率(55.6%~60.3%)、氮偏生产力(50.0~56.8kg/kg)与农民习惯施肥方式(氮肥农学利用率12.6~15.6kg/kg,氮回收效率35.0%~37.6%,氮偏生产力29.8~34.1kg/kg)相比均有显著提高。【结论】不同施肥方式是影响NH_3挥发的主要因素,在不同的水旱轮作系统下优化施肥均可以通过氮肥运筹,在减少施肥量和保证产量水平的基础上,降低稻田的NH_3挥发损失,提高氮素利用率。  相似文献   

三峡水库对坝下河流水文情势影响研究     

王鸿翔  陈鼎新  李越  查胡飞  郭文献 《水生态学杂志》2018,39(5):01-06

选取三峡水库下游宜昌水文站1950-2016年近70年的流量资料,采用Mann-Kendall法,分析宜昌水文站流量变化趋势。基于水文改变指标法(IHA)和变化范围法(RVA)评价三峡工程蓄水前后宜昌水文站32个IHA指标的水文改变程度,分析高度改变的水文指标,并基于32个IHA指标计算的水文改变度(D0)和DHRAM,分析三峡水库蓄水前后宜昌水文站整体水文情势变化,对宜昌站的水文改变程度进行定量评价。结果表明,在研究期间内,宜昌站年均流量呈减少趋势,在Mann-Kendall趋势检验中通过了95%的显著性检验,表明年均流量减少趋势显著;非汛期流量增加,汛期流量减少;年均最小流量和年均最大流量分别表现为增大和减少的趋势,年最小流量出现时间提前;低脉冲发生频率消失,高脉冲发生次数和历时略有下降;上升率和下降率均有减少趋势,逆转次数的水文改变度达到100%。通过DHRAM和D0计算后,水文情势整体为中度改变。  相似文献   

Long‐term changes in recruitment of age‐0 Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) and environmental conditions around Japan          下载免费PDF全文

Yukimasa Ishida  Hiromu Fukuda  Ko Fujioka  Osamu Sakai  Yuko Hiraoka  Kazuhiro Oshima  Shuya Nakatsuka  Nobuaki Suzuki  Hiroyuki Shimada 《Fisheries Oceanography》2018,27(1):41-48

Recruitment of age‐0 Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) from 1952 to 2014 was examined by a sequential regime shift detection method. The regime shifts in recruitment were detected in 1957, 1972, 1980, 1994 and 2009. The durations of regime shift ranged from 8–15 years and averaged 13.0 years. In both the total (1952–2014) and data rich (1980–2014) periods, negative relationships were found between recruitment and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation in autumn, and positive relationships were found between recruitment and sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the northern part of the East China Sea, in the southwestern part of the Sea of Japan, and in the waters off Shikoku and Tokai in summer and autumn. The 1994 and 2009 regime shifts in recruitment occurred in the same years as shifts in SST anomalies in the northern part of the East China Sea in summer. These results suggest that the ocean conditions in the northern part of the East China Sea are closely related to recruitment of Pacific bluefin tuna, and that the warmer conditions result in higher recruitment of the species.  相似文献   

Insensitivity of soil biological communities to phosphorus fertilization in intensively managed grassland systems          下载免费PDF全文

P. A. Massey  R. E. Creamer  M. J. Whelan  K. Ritz 《Grass and Forage Science》2016,71(1):139-152

Efficient soil P cycling is essential for promoting optimal and sustainable grassland growth. The soil biological community is regarded as an important source of available P to the plant community. However, the effects of P fertilization on the soil biota are unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of P fertilization on plant and soil biological communities in two intensively managed grassland sites that had been receiving mineral‐based P fertilization over a 14‐year period. Both pastures had been frequently cut and harvested for plant material and had received only inorganic fertilizers from the establishment of the trial. Both sites were sampled four times from October 2009 to April 2011 and plant and a range of soil biological parameters were determined at each sampling period. The main findings of this study showed that soil chemical measures, such as labile inorganic P and total P concentrations, and plant yield and P contents responded as expected to P fertilization. However, all soil biological parameters either showed no response or inconsistent responses to P fertilization over the experimental period. This study indicates that intensive management regimes, for example intensive plant harvesting and fertilizer regimes, appear to override the relationship between plant and soil biological communities with respect to their response to P fertilization, and thus their productivity is apparently not predicated upon biotic activity.  相似文献   

Effects of grazing intensity on seed production of Caragana stenophylla along a climatic aridity gradient in the Inner Mongolia Steppe,China     

XIE Lina 《干旱区科学》2016,8(6):890-898

As the increases of climatic aridity and grazing intensity,shrubs play an increasingly important role in grassland ecosystem in arid and semi-arid regions,and its abundance also generally increases.However,the effects of climatic aridity and grazing intensity on sexual reproduction of shrubs in grassland remain largely unclear.In order to understand the effects of grazing intensity and climatic drought stress,and their interaction on seed production of shrub species,we examined the seed number,seed weight and seed yield of Caragana stenophylla under three grazing intensities(fenced,mild grazing and severe grazing) across a climatic aridity gradient(semi-arid,arid,very arid and intensively arid zones) in the Inner Mongolia Steppe,northern China during 2012–2013.The seed number,seed weight and seed yield gradually increased from the semi-arid to the very arid zones,but decreased from the very arid to the intensively arid zones in fenced plots.The seed number and seed yield decreased from the semi-arid to the intensively arid zones in mild and severe grazing treatment plots,therefore,grazing enhanced the suppression effect of climatic aridity on seed production of C.stenophylla.The seed number and seed yield gradually decreased as grazing intensity increased.The seed weight was highest in severe grazing plots,followed by the mild grazing plots and then the fenced plots.Precipitation varied interannually during the study period.We observed that the seed number,seed weight and seed yield were lower in the low precipitation year(2013) than in the high precipitation year(2012).As climatic drought stress increased,the negative effects of grazing on seed production of C.stenophylla also gradually increased.Our results indicated that climatic drought stress may contribute to the encroachment of C.stenophylla shrub in arid zones by promoting its seed production.However,grazing had negative effects on sexual reproduction of C.stenophylla,and the combined effects of drought stress and grazing seriously suppressed sexual reproduction of C.stenophylla in the intensively arid zone.  相似文献   

黄土丘陵沟壑区典型小流域不同洪水类型侵蚀输沙效应   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

张乐涛  李占斌  肖俊波  王杉杉 《农业机械学报》2016,47(8):109-116

不同降雨-径流格局下的土壤侵蚀响应是土壤侵蚀规律研究中的基本关系之一,以黄土丘陵沟壑区典型小流域岔巴沟的一级支沟蛇家沟为例,分析了不同洪水类型驱动下的小流域侵蚀输沙过程。以蛇家沟水文站1961—1969年记录的45次洪水事件为数据基础,选取洪水历时、次洪水径流深和洪峰流量作为洪水径流过程的特征指标,运用K均值聚类和判别分析相结合的方法,将全部洪水事件划分为3种类型。其中,A型洪水具有短历时、小径流、低变率和中洪峰的特点,是最为普遍的类型。B型洪水具有中历时、中径流、中变率和小洪峰的特点,发生频率居中。C型洪水具有长历时、大径流、高变率、大洪峰的特点,发生频率最低。洪水历时是决定洪水类型的主要因素。不同洪水类型下的输沙模数、平均含沙量及最大含沙量由大到小依次分别为:C、B、A;C、A、B;C、A、B;但其差异并不显著(P0.1)。蛇家沟小流域的水沙关系趋于稳定,径流含沙量的变化可用流量的对数函数进行描述。在径流量保持一致的情况下,不同洪水类型驱动下的输沙模数相对大小(A∶B∶C)为1∶0.93∶1.22。当洪水历时延长1.7倍时,其增沙作用达到极大值,输沙模数最大增幅为22%。研究结果可为流域洪水类型划分、全面科学评估径流调控及利用的水土保持效益提供有益参考。  相似文献   

模拟降雨量变化与CO2浓度升高对羊草光合特性和生物量的影响     

刘玉英  李卓琳  韩佳育  穆春生 《草业学报》2015,24(11):128-136

羊草作为欧亚大陆草原东缘干旱半干旱区域的优势种,现生产力已逐年降低。为明确未来降雨量变化和CO₂浓度升高对羊草草地变化的影响,我们模拟3个降雨量梯度(正常降雨量 40%)和两个CO₂浓度 (380±20,760±20 μmol/mol)进行了光合特性与生物量的研究。结果表明,降雨量变化和CO₂浓度的交互作用显著影响羊草的净光合速率等光合特性,地下生物量和根冠比,而不影响地上生物量。在目前CO₂浓度时随着降雨量的增加,以及在CO₂浓度升高时的降雨量由低降雨量增至正常降雨量,羊草的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和地上、地下及总生物量均显著增加,但在CO₂浓度升高,降雨量由正常降雨量增至高降雨量时上述指标无显著变化。根冠比在目前CO₂浓度时差异不显著,在CO₂浓度升高下低降雨量时显著增加。在降雨量相同条件下,CO₂浓度的升高使胞间CO₂浓度、水分利用效率显著增加,气孔导度和蒸腾速率显著降低。低降雨量时CO₂浓度升高对羊草净光合速率和生物量的促进作用显著高于正常降雨量和高降雨量,而高降雨量时CO₂浓度升高对羊草生物量没有促进作用。以上结果暗示着在目前CO₂浓度下,随着降雨量的增加,羊草生物量随之增加,在未来CO₂浓度升高的背景下,高降雨量年份对生物量的积累并无显著的促进作用,CO₂浓度升高可以补偿低水分条件对多年生根茎型禾草——羊草生长发育所造成的不利影响。  相似文献   

秸秆还田条件下不同水分管理对双季稻田综合温室效应的影响   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11  

商庆银  杨秀霞  成臣  罗亢  黄山  石庆华  潘晓华  曾勇军 《中国水稻科学》2015,29(2):181-190

以南方红壤区双季稻-紫云英为研究对象,利用静态箱-气相色谱法分别分析包括绿肥和稻草等秸秆还田条件下不同水分管理对稻田CH4和N2O排放、水稻产量以及综合温室效应(GWP)的影响。试验设持续淹水(F)、中期烤田(F-D-F)和间歇灌溉(F-D-F-M)处理。结果表明,秸秆还田条件下双季稻田周年CH4排放量介于208.3kg/hm2(F-D-F-M处理)和678.2kg/hm2(F处理)之间,其中,晚稻生长季占周年CH4排放量的60.6%~71.7%。F处理周年CH4排放量显著高于F-D-F和F-D-F-M处理(P0.05)。秸秆还田条件下双季稻田周年N2O排放量为4.75~8.19kg/hm2。与F处理相比,F-D-F-M处理周年N2O排放通量显著增加(60.9%);而F和F-D-F处理之间没有显著差异。早稻和晚稻各处理产量分别为7.76~8.02t/hm2和7.22~8.69t/hm2。秸秆还田条件下,双季稻单位面积GWP和单位产量GWP分别为7648.8~18471.8kg/hm2和0.48~1.12 kg/kg,其中F-D-F和F-D-F-M处理分别显著低于F处理(P0.05)。因此,在秸秆还田条件下采用中期烤田和间歇灌溉替代持续淹水,可以同步实现双季稻高产和减轻农业生产对气候的潜在影响。  相似文献   

Modelling human impacts on the Tasmanian wedge-tailed eagle (Aquila audax fleayi)     

Sarah A. Bekessy  Brendan A. Wintle  Ascelin Gordon  Julian C. Fox  Ryan Chisholm  Bill Brown  Tracey Regan  Nick Mooney  Steve M. Read  Mark A. Burgman   《Biological conservation》2009,142(11):2438-2448

The wedge-tailed eagle is Australia’s largest bird of prey and one of the largest eagles in the world. Aquila audax fleayi is an endemic Tasmanian subspecies isolated for 10,000 years from the nominate subspecies on the Australian mainland. The Tasmanian wedge-tailed eagle is classified nationally and at a State level as endangered due to its small number of breeding pairs, low breeding success and high rate of mortality from unnatural causes. The subspecies experiences mortality throughout its range from shooting, poisoning, trapping, road accidents, electrocutions and collisions with wind turbines, aircraft, fences and overhead wires, which we term ‘un-natural mortality’. A portion of the subspecies’ range is managed for timber production, which can lead to disturbance of nest sites and the loss of nest trees. We use a model of the eagle population from the Bass District in northeast Tasmania to explore the relative importance of different sources of mortality and nesting habitat loss, and the potential for mitigating impacts associated with unnatural mortality, disturbance, nesting habitat loss and human access to forests. We create a habitat map including suitable nest sites and link it to a dynamic landscape population model based on life history traits and disturbance responses. Using the program RAMAS-Landscape, we model alternative forest management scenarios, ranging from no timber harvesting and a natural wildfire regime, to scenarios prescribing native forest harvesting and regeneration and different levels of conversion of native forest to plantation under the same natural wildfire regime. The results indicate that the Tasmanian wedge-tailed eagle is sensitive to unnatural mortality, plantation establishment and native forest harvesting. The predicted decline over the next 160 years (65%) will most likely be driven largely by loss of current and potential future nest sites associated with harvesting activities, exacerbated by unnatural mortality in the wider landscape. Interventions that minimise unnatural mortality, reduce nest disturbance, and retain breeding habitat and nest sites may improve the prospects for the subspecies in the Bass District. If nest disturbance and unnatural mortality continue at the rates modelled here, the species appears to face a high risk of declining substantially in the region.  相似文献   

耕作方式对新垦沙地农田杂草群落结构的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

杨荣  苏永中 《中国生态农业学报》2010,18(6):1218-1222

通过田间调查的方式,研究了黑河中游边缘绿洲新垦沙地农田杂草分布状况,并对不同耕作方式下农田杂草群落结构特征进行了分析。调查中共记录杂草16种,隶属10科。新垦沙地农田杂草群落基本组成为藜(Chenopodium album)+牛筋草(Eleusineindica)+狗尾草(Setaria viridis)+反枝苋(Amaranthus retroflexus)。与当地传统的地膜覆盖、秋耕和玉米连作耕作方式相比,秸秆覆盖、减少秋耕和玉米-大豆轮作均可增加农田杂草物种丰富度、多样性指数和群落优势度(P0.05)。与当地传统耕作方式相比,秸秆覆盖可增加杂草群落中牛筋草优势度比,降低藜和反枝苋优势度比;减少秋耕可增加狗尾草、反枝苋、灰绿藜(C.glaucum)和米瓦罐(Silene conoidea)优势度比,降低牛筋草优势度比;玉米-大豆轮作可增加米瓦罐优势度比。不同耕作方式对偶见种杂草在田间的分布和组成影响不明显。可以看出,新垦沙地农田杂草物种较少,群落组成单一;不同耕作方式对新垦沙地农田杂草物种多样性和群落结构组成有明显影响,进一步深入研究对沙地农田杂草合理防除具有重要的指导意义。  相似文献