Effects of Swertia japonica extract and its main compound swertiamarin on gastric emptying and gastrointestinal motility in mice     

Kimura Y  Sumiyoshi M 《Fitoterapia》2011,82(6):827-833

The Swertia japonica is used clinically as a remedy for gastrointestinal symptoms in Japan. We examined the effects of a S. japonica and swertiamarin on gastric emptying and gastrointestinal motility in atropine-, dopamine-, and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-treated mice. All three preparations inhibited reductions in gastric emptying and gastrointestinal motility induced by dopamine (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection, ip). Neither the powder, swertiamarin, nor itopride had any effect on the reductions in gastric emptying and gastrointestinal motility caused by 5-HT (4 mg/kg, ip). These findings suggest that the powder and swertiamarin stimulate gastric emptying and gastrointestinal motility by inhibiting the dopamine D₂ receptor.  相似文献   

Canopy cover and groundlayer vegetation dynamics in a fire managed eastern sand savanna     

Marlin Bowles  Steven ApfelbaumAlan Haney  Susan LehnhardtTom Post 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,262(11):1972-1982

Savanna vegetation is characterized by high and variable ground layer species richness regulated by functional group interactions with fire regimes and canopy cover. Frequent fire selects for C4 grasses and prairie forbs in canopy openings and C3 graminoid species and shade-adapted forbs and shrubs in canopy shade. Frequent fire also maximizes heterogeneity in partial canopy cover and species richness across the full canopy gradient. However, few studies have linked fire induced change in tree canopy cover with groundlayer vegetation dynamics in relation to this model. In 1986 and in 2007, we measured canopy cover and sampled groundlayer vegetation in 1 m² plots along 53 transects at the Tefft Savanna, a fire managed 197 ha eastern sand savanna with strong canopy cover and elevation gradients. We analyzed temporal change in canopy cover and groundlayer vegetation, correlating percent change in canopy cover with change in ground layer functional groups. After 20 years of burning at 3 fires/decade, elevation accounted for 62% of the variation in an NMS ordination of groundlayer vegetation. However, canopy cover, which averaged 24-86% in 2007, had a significant secondary effect on the ordination. Five vegetation types classified by TWINSPAN varied significantly in elevation and canopy cover. Woody vegetation comprised 8 of the 12 species with greatest niche breadths, and tended to predominant in woodland or forest, where tree cover averaged 50% or more. Forbs had greater richness in savanna, which averaged less than 30% canopy cover. The C3 sedge Carex pensylvanica was the dominant graminoid species under woodland canopy cover, and was co-dominant with the C4 grasses Andropogon scoparius and Sorghastrum nutans under savanna canopy cover. As in other savannas, N-fixing species sorted across shade and canopy openings, and heterogeneity among transects was maximized at mid-canopy cover. Over time, canopy cover decreased up to 50%, creating more open savanna conditions at mid to high elevations. This decrease was associated with a 20-100 % increase in species richness and was significantly correlated with increasing richness and cover of C4 grasses and summer flowering prairie and woodland forbs. These results support a canopy cover model of fire-maintained savanna vegetation, with greater abundance of C4 grasses and prairie forb species associated with lower canopy cover, greater heterogeneity at mid-canopy cover, and species richness maximized across the light gradient. They also indicate that decreasing canopy cover caused by repeated burning increases species richness and abundance of C4 and prairie forb species.  相似文献   

城市边缘森林公园功能分区方法研究     

梁远婷 《四川林业科技》2011,32(3):107-111

本文在对城市边缘森林公园分区理论研究的基础上,全面考量森林公园的功能性、适宜性、生态性、多样性、开发利用的立体性等诸多特点,从理论支持到各分区方法以及方法间优劣势对比,利用数学方法和现代空间信息技术方法深化森林功能分区研究,使森林功能分区工作进一步科学化、规范化和标准化,以提升城市边缘土地利用价值,实现社会、经济、生态...  相似文献   

Conservation-oriented forestry and early successional saproxylic beetles: Responses of functional groups to manipulated dead wood substrates     

H. Gibb  R.B. Pettersson  J. Hilszczański  J.P. Ball  O. Atlegrim 《Biological conservation》2006,129(4):437-450

New conservation-oriented forestry aims to maintain intact populations of forest organisms by improving the conservation value of managed forests and providing protected areas. We tested the conservation value of treatments of dead wood for assemblages of early successional saproxylic beetles. In nine areas in northern Sweden, we selected one clear-cut, one mature managed forest and one reserve. In 2001-2002, we placed three blocks of spruce logs, each containing control, burned and shaded logs and a high stump (“snag”) at each site. Saproxylic beetles emerging from the dead wood were collected using emergence traps and beetles flying close to it were collected using flight-intercept traps. After one year of exposure, assemblage composition was examined, with respect to nutritionally-defined functional groups, red-listed species and fire-favoured species. Experimental snags were most complementary to control logs, supporting different assemblages of cambium consumers and fungivores and supporting more red-listed individuals. Burned logs supported depauperate assemblages, particularly with respect to cambium consumers, while shading of logs affected assemblages of fungivores, but only on clear-cuts. Despite containing less dead wood, managed forests provided valuable habitat, supporting similar assemblages of saproxylic beetles to reserves. Most functional groups were less abundant on clear-cuts than in older forests, but fire-favoured species were more common on clear-cuts, suggesting that clear-cuts may support assemblages of species associated with natural disturbances, if suitable substrates are available. Utilization of logs by saproxylic beetles changes over time, so long-term monitoring of our experimental logs will determine their lifetime conservation value.  相似文献   

Diversity and function of decomposer fungi from a grassland soil     

Lewis J. Deacon  E. Janie Pryce-Miller  Juliet C. Frankland  Peter D. Moore 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2006,38(1):7-20

Despite the substantial interest to ecologists of the relationship between species diversity and ecosystem functioning, little is known about how the high species richness of decomposer (saprotrophic) fungi and their relative frequencies of occurrence influence the decomposition of organic matter. Three experiments were conducted to test the ability of culturable saprotrophic fungal isolates to utilise a range of artificial and more natural substrates that occur in organic matter, with the aims of (1) characterising the functional potential of ‘common’ and ‘occasional’ taxa in an upland grassland soil and (2) determining whether there was a high degree of apparent functional redundancy in these communities. ‘Function’ was defined as the ability of a fungal isolate to utilise broad categories of substrates (e.g. sugars, cellulose, lignin) that occur in organic matter and which change in proportion during decomposition. The terms ‘common/abundant/frequent’ and ‘occasional/infrequent’ usually referred here to the frequencies of occurrence of taxa estimated using Warcup soil plates. Accepting the difficulties of sampling fungi in soil, this appeared to be the most useful isolation method to produce a general picture of the microfungal community with an estimate of frequency of occurrence for every taxon obtained, and to provide cultures for use in function tests. The influence of this technique on the interpretation of the results is discussed.Forty-eight fungal isolates, obtained from an upland grassland in Roxburghshire, UK, were selected to cover the most ‘abundant’ taxa and a range of ‘occasionals’. Pure cultures of anamorphic fungi and members of the Zygomycota, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were tested. Although there was apparently a high degree of functional redundancy (equivalence) in assemblages of culturable decomposer fungi, with ‘frequent’ and ‘infrequent’ taxa largely utilising the same substrates, the ‘infrequent’ taxa played important roles in decomposition. ‘Infrequent’ microfungi tested were potentially more active in decomposition than the ‘frequent’ taxa, i.e. several had a higher overall activity, were able to utilise a wider range of substrates and were more combative than the ‘abundant’ taxa. When ‘abundant’ and ‘occasional’ taxa from the same putative guild were inoculated together on grass litter, there was slight evidence of ‘positive’ indirect effects on decomposition and cellulose degradation. Some ‘negative’ effects on lignin degradation, probably as a result of combat, were observed.It is possible that the ‘occasional’ taxa increased the temporal resilience of the ecosystem process of decomposition, and were ‘waiting in the wings’ to replace the abundant taxa. Nevertheless, greater functional diversity could be associated with the uncultured taxa not studied here.  相似文献   

Laccase and phosphatase activities of the dominant ectomycorrhizal types in a lowland oak forest     

Pierre-Emmanuel Courty  Jean Garbaye 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2006,38(6):1219-1222

The year-round dynamics of laccase and acid phosphatase activities of ectomycorrhizas (EM) were monitored in an oak forest, with a microplate photometric method using individual EM root tips. Among the most frequent and abundant EM morphotypes, those of Lactarius quietus and Cortinarius anomalus showed a peak of laccase activity in spring, while those of Xerocomus chrysenteron displayed highest laccase activities in summer and autumn. In comparison, less seasonal differences were observed in EM acid phosphatase activity. This suggests that the different EM types within the EM community perform complementary functions depending on season.  相似文献   

Soil niche effect on species diversity and catabolic activities in an ectomycorrhizal fungal community     

M. Buée  P.E. Courty  D. Mignot  J. Garbaye 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2007,39(8):1947-1955

The species of an ectomycorrhizal (ECM) community were investigated in a temperate oak forest by morphotyping and ITS rDNA sequencing. Thirty-six ECM morphotypes were found at the site. The niche effect (as organic soil, mineral soil or dead woody debris artificially introduced in the soil) on the ECM community structure and on the potential catabolic activities of the most abundant morphotypes was studied. The morphotypes in each niche were subjected to enzymatic tests developed for hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes involved in the decomposition of organic compounds. The ECM community structure varied widely depending on the soil horizon or habitat patch. The species richness was higher in the A1 horizon than in the other niches. Different ECM species had different activity patterns for the eight enzymatic tests while co-occurring in the same niche. Catabolic activities also changed within species between niches. Dead woody debris were extensively colonized by two saprotrophic fungi (Megacollybia platyphylla and Armillaria sp.) and, in this particular niche, ECM morphotypes predominantly belonged to the genera Lactarius and Tomentella. These morphotypes showed high chitinase activities. This study suggested also that some ECM fungi could obtain nutrients via the chitin degradation of dead or live saprobes.  相似文献   

小麦穗发芽抗性相关Vp1基因启动子的分离及功能验证   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

孙永伟  聂丽娜  马有志  徐兆师  夏兰琴 《作物学报》2011,37(10):1743-1751

成熟期穗发芽严重影响小麦产量和品质。Vp1是调节胚发育, 促进胚成熟和休眠的重要转录因子, 对小麦种子休眠和穗发芽抗性具有重要作用。本研究分离了普通小麦B基因组Vp1基因的启动子, 生物信息学预测结果表明, 其含有9个脱落酸响应元件ABRE、2个DREB和6个MYB干旱响应元件、3个赤霉素响应元件GARE、1个水杨酸响应元件TCA-E、2个茉莉酸甲酯响应元件TGACG-motif、4个SKn-1和1个RYREPE胚乳特异表达元件。采用5′端缺失的方法, 构建了系列含Vp1启动子不同区段融合GUS报告基因的瞬时表达载体和植物表达载体。通过基因枪转化小麦愈伤组织, 瞬时表达结果显示, Vp1启动子在无诱导的情况下不能启动GUS基因表达, 在低温、ABA、GA、PEG和NaCl诱导后可以启动GUS基因表达, 表现诱导表达特性, 且其诱导表达强度随启动子缺失片段长度变短而减弱。利用Gateway方法成功构建了6个启动子各缺失片段类型的植物表达载体, 并通过农杆菌介导转化四倍体小麦Stewart, 获得转基因植株。该启动子可有效启动GUS基因在转基因植株的花药、糊粉层、穗轴及根中表达, 其他组织中没有表达。当启动子片段大于660 bp时, 外源ABA可诱导启动子启动GUS基因在转基因植株茎节中的表达。  相似文献   

基层农业信息网站的建设研究     

孟令凤  郭莉 《安徽农业科学》2007,35(32):10554-10555

分析了我国基层农业信息网站建设中存在的问题,从网站的体系结构、功能模块设计和数据库的设计方面提出了一个基于ASP.NET的基层农业信息网站建设思路,通过该系统,可以很好地解决在农业信息化进程中大量基层农业信息网站自动生成的问题。  相似文献   

Physico-chemical characteristics of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) grown in Northern Areas of Pakistan     

Sartaj Ali  Tariq Masud  Kashif Sarfraz Abbasi 《Scientia Horticulturae》2011

In order to ascertain physico-chemical, functional and geometrical traits of apricot fruit from Northern Areas of Pakistan, six predominantly grown varieties namely, Alman, Habi, Khakhas, Mirmalik, Neeli and Shai were selected in this study. Proximate composition as crude fat (2.1–3%), crude protein (6.18–8.7%), crude fiber (11.85–13.6%), ash (9.45–12.1%) and total sugars (56.8–64.9%) were determined on dry weight basis. The data showed variations among the investigated parameters in all varieties. Functional properties of apricot fruit viz. ascorbic acid (67.39–90.94 mg/100 g), total phenolic compounds (4590–7310 mgGAE/100 g), total carotenoids (10.09–18.13 mg/100 g β-carotene) and antioxidant activity (56.84–82.33%) were also recorded. The data pertaining to mineral contents (mg/100 g) revealed K as the predominant element (2040–3000) followed by P, Mg, Ca, Na and Fe among all the tested samples. Furthermore, geometrical characters of apricot varieties were also determined as important sensory and technological attributes on fresh weight basis. The result from the present study showed that all the tested varieties are highly nutritious and rich in functional components.  相似文献