Thirty years of change and the future of Alaskan fisheries: Shifts in fishing participation and diversification in response to environmental,regulatory and economic pressures     

Anne H. Beaudreau  Eric J. Ward  Richard E. Brenner  Andrew O. Shelton  Jordan T. Watson  Jennifer C. Womack  Sean C. Anderson  Alan C. Haynie  Kristin N. Marshall  Benjamin C. Williams 《Fish and Fisheries》2019,20(4):601-619

Heterogeneity in human responses and decision‐making can contribute to the resilience of social–ecological systems in the face of environmental, political and economic pressures. In fishery systems worldwide, the ability of harvesters to maintain a diverse portfolio of fishing strategies is important for building adaptive capacity. We used a case‐study approach to examine the complexity of factors that inhibit or promote diversification in fisheries of Alaska, one of the major fishing regions of the world. Through a combination of harvest records and literature review, we explored shifts in participation and portfolio diversity in Alaskan fisheries over three decades. The four case‐studies examined the responses of fishers, fleets and communities to multiple, intersecting pressures, including biological declines, market and price dynamics, fishery privatization and the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. These cases illustrate how stressors acting at multiple scales can encourage or constrain opportunities for diversification, and that these opportunities may be spread inequitably across participants. Overall, we found evidence for reduced participation and increasing specialization in Alaskan commercial fisheries. While numerous factors explain these trends, policies like individual quota systems and the increasing cost of entry into fisheries are forcing consolidation at local to regional scales. A portfolio approach to managing fisheries that reduces barriers to diversification and includes broad representation of resource users and communities in management may help to maintain opportunity and choice for fishers.  相似文献   

岗更湖鲫的生长和生活史对策研究     

安晓萍  齐景伟  乌兰  孟和平  柳玉海  高玉奎 《水生态学杂志》2009,30(4):71-74

2008年5～9月于岗更湖取得803尾鲫标本,研究了其生长及生活史类型.用鳞片鉴定年龄,鳞径(R)和体长(L)的关系为L=3.667R-1.737;用特殊von Bertalanffy生长方程、一般von Bertalanffy生长方程、Gompertz生长方程和灰色动态生长模型共4种生长模型拟合了岗更湖鲫的生长,根据各模型拟合残差平方和的大小判断,特殊von Bertalanffy生长方程拟合效果最好;根据r-选择和k-选择的典型特征及7个生态学参数值,判断出岗更湖鲫偏向r-选择,应用平衡产量模式计算改变瞬时捕捞死亡率(F)和渔业补充年龄(tc)对应的产量变化,同样证实岗更湖鲫偏向r-选择.作为渔业管理对策,岗更湖鲫的捕捞年龄应在3龄以上,捕捞强度不应超过2.0.  相似文献   

桃树养分管理研究进展与展望   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

陈防  陶勇  万开元  陈树森  王利 《北方园艺》2009,(1)

从桃树营养需求规律、大中微量元素施肥与桃树生长和抗逆性的关系、适宜桃树施用的肥料和桃树的营养状况诊断等方面,简要综述了国内外近年来的研究现状和进展情况,分析了中国桃树营养管理中存在的主要问题,对今后桃树营养的研究方向和管理策略进行了初步探讨与展望.  相似文献   

北海市瓜菜大棚设施栽培现状与发展对策   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

陈家翔 《长江蔬菜》2009,(4)

从规模、新技术应用、栽培模式、效益等方面阐述了北海市瓜幕大棚设施栽培的现状,同时分析了存在的问题,并针对现状和存在的问题提出了政策扶持、创建品牌、强化培训、加大投入和加强产品质量检测等发展对策,旨在促进大棚设施栽培产业的健康可持续发展.  相似文献   

Yield and water-production functions of two durum wheat cultivars grown under different irrigation and nitrogen regimes   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Fadi Karam  Rabih Kabalan  Youssef Rouphael 《Agricultural Water Management》2009,96(4):603-615

Wheat (Triticum durum L.) yields in the semi-arid regions are limited by inadequate water supply late in the cropping season. Planning suitable irrigation strategy and nitrogen fertilization with the appropriate crop phenology will produce optimum grain yields. A 3-year experiment was conducted on deep, fairly drained clay soil, at Tal Amara Research Station in the central Bekaa Valley of Lebanon to investigate the response of durum wheat to supplemental irrigation (IRR) and nitrogen rate (NR). Three water supply levels (rainfed and two treatments irrigated at half and full soil water deficit) were coupled with three N fertilization rates (100, 150 and 200 kg N ha⁻¹) and two cultivars (Waha and Haurani) under the same cropping practices (sowing date, seeding rate, row space and seeding depth). Averaged across N treatments and years, rainfed treatment yielded 3.49 Mg ha⁻¹ and it was 25% and 28% less than half and full irrigation treatments, respectively, for Waha, while for Haurani the rainfed treatment yielded 3.21 Mg ha⁻¹, and it was 18% and 22% less than half and full irrigation, respectively. On the other hand, N fertilization of 150 and 200 kg N ha⁻¹ increased grain yield in Waha by 12% and 16%, respectively, in comparison with N fertilization of 100 kg N ha⁻¹, while for cultivar Haurani the increases were 24% and 38%, respectively. Regardless of cultivar, results showed that supplemental irrigation significantly increased grain number per square meter and grain weight with respect to the rainfed treatment, while nitrogen fertilization was observed to have significant effects only on grain number per square meter. Moreover, results showed that grain yield for cultivar Haurani was less affected by supplemental irrigation and more affected by nitrogen fertilization than cultivar Waha in all years. However, cultivar effects were of lower magnitude compared with those of irrigation and nitrogen. We conclude that optimum yield was produced for both cultivars at 50% of soil water deficit as supplemental irrigation and N rate of 150 kg N ha⁻¹. However, Harvest index (HI) and water use efficiency (WUE) in both cultivars were not significantly affected neither by supplemental irrigation nor by nitrogen rate. Evapotranspiration (ET) of rainfed wheat ranged from 300 to 400 mm, while irrigated wheat had seasonal ET ranging from 450 to 650 mm. On the other hand, irrigation treatments significantly affected ET after normalizing for vapor pressure deficit (ET/VPD) during the growing season. Supplemental irrigation at 50% and 100% of soil water deficit had approximately 26 and 52 mm mbar⁻¹ more ET/VPD, respectively, than those grown under rainfed conditions.  相似文献   

Interactions between fishing strategies of Nephrops trawlers in the Bay of Biscay and Norway lobster diel activity patterns     

V. M. TRENKEL  M.-J. ROCHET  & S. MAHÉVAS 《Fisheries Management and Ecology》2008,15(1):11-18

Abstract  Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus (L.), in the Bay of Biscay exhibited diel activity patterns with more individuals outside their burrows at dawn and dusk, increasing catchability at these times. Data from an on board observer programme on Nephrops trawlers between 2002 and 2005 were used to assess variability in catchability in commercial catches. Catch numbers per haul varied spatially and between months, but no signal for diel variations was found. Fishing strategies developed by the Nephrops trawlers had several components. On a seasonal level, they started around sunrise. On a haul level, haul duration decreased from haul to haul, with the longest hauls taking place at the time of the highest catchability. By-catch of hake, Merluccius merluccius (L.), increased more than proportionally with haul duration.  相似文献   

中国天然橡胶“走出去”发展存在的问题与对策分析     

王继祥 《热带农业工程》2011,(4):54-57

对海南、广东、云南三大天然橡胶产区"走出去"发展进行对比分析,了解三大产区"走出去"发展的现状和存在的问题,并基于这些问题提出一些相关的政策建议。  相似文献   

京郊休闲型家庭农场发展创新策略及保障机制     

黄冠华 《安徽农业科学》2017,45(3)

北京郊区具备发展休闲型家庭农场的多种条件,可以通过理性规划,准确定位;注入农耕文化,融于体验;塑造品牌,注重营销的创新发展策略来展开。在此基础上,政府应通过加强引导,提供各种政策保障;调整发展思路,促进农场区域化发展;建立休闲型农场专门人才的培养机制,提升农场主文化与经营水平等一系列保障机制来实现。  相似文献   

超级杂交稻育种三步法设想与实践   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  

陈立云  肖应辉  唐文帮  雷东阳 《中国水稻科学》2007,21(1):90-94

介绍了国内外水稻超高产育种的基本情况,提出了当前我国水稻超高产育种面临的新问题,即超级稻品种资源匮乏、部分超级杂交稻组合适应性较差、超高产水稻育种理论过于模式化等。针对当前形势,结合多年育种实践,提出了超级杂交稻育种三步法设想,即超级亲本选育——超级杂交组合选育——超级杂交制种,并详细阐述了各步骤的标准和实现其目标的技术路线。超级亲本要求综合性状优良,产量水平或库容量达到或基本达到各级区试对照杂交稻组合的水平。超级杂交稻组合的标准是品质优、适应性广、耐肥抗倒、对主要病虫害达中抗以上水平,产量水平较国家或省区试中对照增产8%左右。其选育的技术路线是通过双亲最佳组配方式,增加选择压力,注重理想株型和优良生理机能及其各性状间的高度协调。超级杂交制种产量水平根据不育系的类型来确定,其中早稻类型不育系杂交制种产量要求大面积达到3.75 t/hm2以上,中稻类型的不育系要求达到5.25 t/hm2以上。其技术路线是通过选择最佳的制种基地,选用库容量大和异交结实特性好的不育系,通过超大行比与超常规培育父本措施提高父本的花粉量,从而提高制种产量。按照超级杂交稻育种三步法的技术路线,成功选育了父本996和两用核不育系C815S两个超级杂交稻亲本,利用前者选育出适合长江中下游稻区作双季早稻种植的超级杂交早稻组合陆两优996,用后者选配出几个增产幅度大、极有应用前景的超级稻新组合。  相似文献   

黄灯笼辣椒核心种质资源比较构建研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘子记  孙继华  杨衍  曹振木 《热带作物学报》2015,36(12):2155-2160

核心种质的构建为种质资源的研究和有效利用提供了便利条件。以146份黄灯笼辣椒种质资源为试验材料,基于10个性状表型数据,采用混合线性模型分析方法无偏地预测基因型值,利用马氏距离计算种质间的遗传距离,分别采用2种取样方法（随机取样法和优先取样法）,2种聚类方法（离差平方和法和类平均法）,按照30％的抽样比率构建黄灯笼辣椒核心种质库。采用均值、方差、极差和变异系数4个指标评价不同取样方法和聚类方法构建核心种质库的优劣。试验结果表明,优先取样法优于随机取样法,类平均法优于离差平方和法。基于马氏距离、优先取样法、类平均法获取的43份黄灯笼椒核心资源能够代表原群体的遗传多样性。  相似文献