Determination of self-incompatible genotypes in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) accessions and cultivars of the German Fruit Gene Bank and from private collections     

M. Schuster    H. Flachowsky    D. Köhler 《Plant Breeding》2007,126(5):533-540

Sweet cherries are self-incompatible because of a gametophytic self-incompatibility system. S alleles in the style and pollen determine the crossing relationships. Knowledge of the S allele constitution of cultivars is very important for cherry growers and breeders, and recently, molecular methods have been developed to distinguish the S alleles in sweet cherries. The S allele genotypes of 149 sweet cherry cultivars and clones, including 126 not previously genotyped, were determined by using PCR analysis. Thirteen different S alleles in 40 combinations were distinguished and nine new incompatibility groups were documented. Two new S alleles were identified in five local sweet cherry processing cultivars from southwestern Germany using the second intron primers. The sequence of these alleles was determined and compared to all known sequences available in the NCBI database. The sequences obtained showed high similarities to the alleles S ₁₉ and S ₂₂, previously described only in wild cherries, Prunus avium L.  相似文献   

榆叶梅等3种园林灌木的蒸腾特性     

石游  李建贵  庄红梅 《林业科技开发》2011,25(4):36-41

在利用LI-6400便携式光合系统测定分析阿克苏市3种园林灌木榆叶梅、红瑞木、紫穗槐蒸腾速率日变化、月变化特征的基础上,研究了光照强度、大气温度、大气相对湿度、大气水势、气孔导度、叶温下蒸汽压亏缺对蒸腾速率的影响,并进行相关性分析,建立了逐步回归模型。结果表明:3种灌木的蒸腾速率日变化均呈早晚低、中午高的单峰曲线,3种灌木蒸腾速率的大小为榆叶梅>红瑞木>紫穗槐,这与自由水含量的高低顺序一致。蒸腾速率的月变化为7月最高,5月和9月较低。水分利用效率的日变化曲线表现为早晨低、中午高、下午降低、傍晚又升高的特点,在生长季节,月变化为5月份最高,7月份最低。在影响蒸腾速率的各因子中,与之相关性最大的为光照强度,相关系数达到0.960,进行逐步回归分析后,3个模型都只含有光照强度一个因子。  相似文献   

Soil CO₂ efflux in an Afromontane forest of Ethiopia as driven by seasonality and tree species     

Yonas Yohannes  Olga Shibistova  Asferachew AbateMasresha Fetene  Georg Guggenberger 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,261(6):1090-1098

Variability of soil CO₂ efflux strongly depends on soil temperature, soil moisture and plant phenology. Separating the effects of these factors is critical to understand the belowground carbon dynamics of forest ecosystem. In Ethiopia with its unreliable seasonal rainfall, variability of soil CO₂ efflux may be particularly associated with seasonal variation. In this study, soil respiration was measured in nine plots under the canopies of three indigenous trees (Croton macrostachys, Podocarpus falcatus and Prunus africana) growing in an Afromontane forest of south-eastern Ethiopia. Our objectives were to investigate seasonal and diurnal variation in soil CO₂ flux rate as a function of soil temperature and soil moisture, and to investigate the impact of tree species composition on soil respiration. Results showed that soil respiration displayed strong seasonal patterns, being lower during dry periods and higher during wet periods. The dependence of soil respiration on soil moisture under the three tree species explained about 50% of the seasonal variability. The relation followed a Gaussian function, and indicated a decrease in soil respiration at soil volumetric water contents exceeding a threshold of about 30%. Under more moist conditions soil respiration is tentatively limited by low oxygen supply. On a diurnal basis temperature dependency was observed, but not during dry periods when plant and soil microbial activities were restrained by moisture deficiency. Tree species influenced soil respiration, and there was a significant interaction effect of tree species and soil moisture on soil CO₂ efflux variability. During wet (and cloudy) period, when shade tolerant late successional P. falcatus is having a physiological advantage, soil respiration under this tree species exceeded that under the other two species. In contrast, soil CO₂ efflux rates under light demanding pioneer C. macrostachys appeared to be least sensitive to dry (but sunny) conditions. This is probably related to the relatively higher carbon assimilation rates and associated root respiration. We conclude that besides the anticipated changes in precipitation pattern in Ethiopia any anthropogenic disturbance fostering the pioneer species may alter the future ecosystem carbon balance by its impact on soil respiration.  相似文献   

水分胁迫下李树叶绿素荧光动力学特性研究   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12       下载免费PDF全文

胡学华  蒲光兰  肖千文  刘永红  邓家林 《中国生态农业学报》2007,15(1):75-77

水分胁迫引起李树叶片叶绿素含量(CHL)、相对含水量(LRWC)下降,叶绿素荧光参数Fo升高,Fm、Fv、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、Fm/Fo和Fo与Fm曲线之间面积降低,表明水分胁迫影响了光系统Ⅱ光化学效率、潜在活性、捕获激发能的效率、光合电子的传递以及电子受体库的大小,从而导致光合速率下降。3个供试品种中以“索瑞斯”受影响最小,“秋姬”居中,“安哥洛”最大,说明“索瑞斯”抗旱性最强。  相似文献   

Maturity assessment at harvest and prediction of softening in a late maturing nectarine cultivar after cold storage     

P. Eccher Zerbini  M. Vanoli  F. LovatiL. Spinelli  A. TorricelliA. Rizzolo  S. Lurie 《Postharvest Biology and Technology》2011,62(3):275-281

The absorption coefficient μ_a measured at 670 nm in fruit pulp at harvest by time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy (TRS) has been shown to be a good maturity index for early nectarine cultivars. By including individual fruit maturity as a biological shift factor (BSF) into a kinetic model for softening it is possible to select fruit with different shelf-life potential. The BSF approach combined with TRS measurement and kinetic modeling of firmness was applied to a late maturing nectarine cultivar (‘Morsiani 90’), ripened at 20 °C after harvest or after storage at 0 °C and 4 °C, the latter conditions inducing chilling injury. At harvest the absorption coefficient μ_a had low values and low variability, indicating advanced maturity, while firmness was similar to that of early cultivars. The softening model took into account these differences, showing parameters similar to those of the early cultivars with the exception of the softening rate which was 2-6 times lower, indicating a slower softening in ‘Morsiani 90’ fruit. Decay of μ_a at 20 °C was also slower. Softening continued during storage at 4 °C, but not at 0 °C. After storage at 0 °C softening was resumed similarly to non-stored fruit, but with much variability. Fruit stored at 4 °C, which showed chilling injury, had a softening rate at 20 °C significantly higher than that of 0 °C fruit. It is suggested that the same changes in cell wall metabolism which induce the appearance of chilling injury also affect firmness and increase softening rate.  相似文献   

Ethanol vapor and saprophytic yeast treatments reduce decay and maintain quality of intact and fresh-cut sweet cherries     

Jinhe Bai  Anne PlottoRobert Spotts  Nithiya Rattanapanone 《Postharvest Biology and Technology》2011,62(2):204-212

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of an ethanol vapor release pad and a saprophytic yeast Cryptococcus infirmo-miniatum (CIM) to reduce decay and maintain postharvest quality of intact or fresh-cut sweet cherries (Prunus avium) cv. Lapins and Bing. Intact or fresh-cut fruit were packed in perforated clamshells (capacity 454 g) and stored at 1, 10 or 20 °C for up to 21, 14 and 8 d, respectively. For ethanol treatment, a pad made with silica gel powder containing 10 g ethanol and covered with perforated film, which allows ethanol vapor to diffuse gradually, was attached to the upper lid of the clamshells. Ethanol treatment caused accumulation of ethanol in the packaging headspace, about 10 μL L⁻¹ with little change within 14 d at 1 °C, 23 μL L⁻¹ at d 1 and decreased to 15 μL L⁻¹ at d 10 at 10 °C, and 26 μL L⁻¹ at d 1 and decreased to 13 μL L⁻¹ at d 3 at 20 °C. Ethanol content in fruit was less than 9 mg kg⁻¹ in all the control fruit, and increased to 16, 34 and 43 mg kg⁻¹ in ethanol-treated fruit at 1, 10 and 20 °C, respectively. Nonetheless, a sensory taste panel did not perceive any flavor difference from the ethanol treatment. The ethanol treatment retarded softening, darkening, and acid decrease in fruit as well as discoloration of the stems, and extended shelf-life of intact cherries. Ethanol reduced brown rot (Monilinia fructicola) in fresh-cut cherries stored at 20 °C, but not at 1 and 10 °C. A pre-packaging dip in CIM completely controlled brown rot in inoculated fresh-cut cherries stored at 1 °C, and in naturally infected cherries at 20 °C.  相似文献   

1-MCP对青脆李亚低温贮藏期间生理生化及品质的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

陈嘉  张立新  赵迎丽  冯志宏  王春生 《保鲜与加工》2011,11(6):18-22

以四川茂县青脆李为试材,研究1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)对亚低温(8±0.5℃)条件下青脆李的生理生化及其贮藏期间果实品质变化的影响。结果表明:1-MCP处理可显著抑制青脆李果实的呼吸作用和乙烯的释放速率,并降低两者的峰值;可保持果实细胞膜的完整性,降低PPO活性和酚类物质的消耗,减少褐变。其中以1.0μL.L-1浓度的1-MCP处理能够更有效地保持果实的质地与风味,亚低温条件下贮藏28 d,褐变指数为0,腐烂指数为5.3,显著好于对照和其他浓度的1-MCP处理,延长果实保鲜期达到20 d。  相似文献   

Plant based indicators for irrigation scheduling in young cherry trees     

N. LivellaraF. Saavedra  E. Salgado 《Agricultural Water Management》2011,98(4):684-690

Using a correlation between trunk diameter fluctuation (TDF) and stem water potential (SWP) it appears possible to determine water deficit threshold values (WDTV) for young cherry trees. This correlation must be based on a significant effect between SWP and at least one variable associated with the vegetative or reproductive growth of the trees. The objectives of this study are: (1) to determine the effect of several irrigation treatments on vegetative and reproductive growth and the SWP of young cherry trees; (2) to determine the correlation between TDF and SWP, and; (3) to propose a first approximation of SWP and TDF water deficit threshold values for young cherry tree plants. The experiment was carried out between September and April of the 2005-2006 and 2006-2007 seasons, in Quillota, in the Valparaiso region, central Chile. The irrigation treatments consisted of applications of 50% (T₅₀), 100% (T₁₀₀) and 150% (T₁₅₀) of potential evapotranspiration (ET₀) over the two growing seasons, using a randomized complete block design (RCB). The effect of irrigation scheduling was observed on: apical shoot growth rate (GR_AS), branch cross-sectional area (BCSA), canopy volume (CV), annual length of accumulated growth (AL_AG) and productivity. This effect showed that the T₅₀ treatment caused lower SWP (measured pre-dawn), vegetative growth and productivity. The fruit quality variables (cracking and size) were not affected by the different treatments. Combining the vegetative growth, productivity and SWP results shows that the water deficit threshold value, as a first approximation, is between 50% and 100% of ET₀, and therefore the critical SWP for defining irrigation frequency should be close to −0.5 MPa. Upon applying a post-harvest drought period (14 days without irrigation), a linear correlation was determined both between SWP and maximum daily trunk shrinkage, MDS (R² = 0.69) and between SWP and trunk growth rate, TGR (R² = 0.57). Using these correlations and the SWP reference value, reference values were obtained for MDS (165 μm) and TGR (83 μm day⁻¹), which would permit automated control of water status in young cherry trees.  相似文献   

饲料、温度及成蝇密度对家蝇产卵量的影响     

陈文龙  吴菊芳  仇书红  詹自强 《上海交通大学学报(农业科学版)》1996,(1)

本文研究了饲料、温度、成蝇密度对家蝇产卵量的影响，结果表明：用含有奶粉的饲料饲养幼虫或成蝇，家蝇产卵量最大。最适产卵温度是２４℃，产卵温域是１２．５～３５．３℃。每对平均产卵量与成蝇对数成负相关。群体最适产卵密度是１９４９８对／ｍ３。  相似文献   

李属坏死环斑病毒怀柔分离物(PNRSV-HR)外壳蛋白基因片断的克隆与序列分析   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

黄冲  李明福  张永江 《西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版)》2005,33(Z1):105-108

应用RT-PCR方法检测了采自北京市怀柔区的樱桃叶片,将此PCR扩增产物连接到pMD18-T载体上,通过转化大肠杆菌DH5α感受态细胞,克隆了含有目的片段的重组质粒,并进行序列测定和分析。序列分析结果表明,认为该分离物外壳蛋白基因片断与李属坏死环斑病毒的NRSiz8株系的同源性最高,为98%,与德国分离物Ring17的同源性达99%;通过进化关系分析,认为该分离物属于引起温和症状的group,认为该分离物的第5,62,81和126位氨基酸也与CH9血清型引起温和症状的保守的替换相同。  相似文献