Effects of insect predation on hypocotyl survival and germination success of maturequercus variabilis acorns     

Hiroshi Fukumoto  Hisashi Kajimura 《Journal of Forest Research》2000,5(1):31-34

The rates of hypocotyl and radicle survival and of germination success were investigated in mature acorns ofQuercus variabilis Blume in relation to endosperm loss due to seed insects. The acorns were damaged by curculio weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and moths, including tortricid moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae); the former were more abundant than the latter. Acorns damaged by curculio weevils showed a significantly lower germination rate when there was a large endosperm loss than the rate for sound acorns. The survival rate of the hypocotyl and radicle also decreased as endosperm loss increased. These results suggest that acorn germination is directly inhibited by damage to the hypocotyl and radicle, which depends on the amount of endosperm eaten by the weevils. However, the germination rate of acorns with hypocotyl and radicle was consistently high, irrespective of the degree of endosperm loss, which suggests that weevil-damaged acorns probably germinate, provided the hypocotyl and radicle survive until the cessation of damage. Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. This study was supported in part by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Ministry of Education, Science and Culture (No. 09001647, No. 10660144, and No. 11460068) and the Nippon Life Insurance Foundation.  相似文献   

谷物胚乳性状QTL区间作图的贝叶斯方法   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王亚民  孙长森  汤在祥  胡治球  徐辰武 《扬州大学学报(农业与生命科学版)》2008,29(3)

将贝叶斯统计原理和胚乳性状的数量遗传模型相结合,以分离群体中各植株的分子标记基因型以及植株上若干粒种子胚乳性状的单粒观测值为数据模式,提出胚乳性状QTL区间作图的贝叶斯方法.该方法通过Gibbs以及Metropolis-Hastings抽样实现的马尔科夫链蒙特卡罗(MCMC)算法获得QTL效应和位置的估计.方法的有效性用染色体水平和基因组水平2套模拟方案进行验证,结果表明:贝叶斯方法能够准确地估计胚乳性状QTL的位置和效应,并同时区分2种显性效应.  相似文献   

1个新的玉米半透明皱缩胚乳突变体的遗传分析及基因定位     

崔喜艳  胡广宇  孙小杰  佟珊珊  陈众峰  刘相国 《华南农业大学学报》2014,35(5):31-35

【目的】解析半透明皱缩玉米胚乳形成机制.【方法】以纯合玉米突变体M-E-479为供试材料,通过对M-E-479籽粒进行表型鉴定、遗传分析、主要成分测定及扫描电镜观察,构建定位群体,利用图位克隆技术对突变基因进行遗传定位.【结果和结论】M-E-479突变体胚乳中脂肪含量增加,蛋白质和淀粉含量下降,淀粉粒的大小、形状、排列空间发生改变;用F2群体将突变基因定位在10号染色体SSR标记bnlg1074与umc1506之间,两标记的遗传距离约为3.6 cM,两标记的物理距离约为2.2 Mb.可见M-E-479是一个新的玉米半透明皱缩胚乳突变体,突变性状是由隐性单基因控制.  相似文献   

硬胚乳高赖氨酸玉米选育方法的研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

王河成  段运平 《华北农学报》1987,(4)

以O_2基因为遗传背景的高级氨酸玉米(简称O_2玉米)比普通玉米同型种一般产量低7—15%,这是粉质胚乳导致子粒容重降低的结果.育种上解决的途径是利用硬胚乳修饰基因选育子粒容重较高的硬胚乳或半硬胚乳O_2自交系.不同类型玉米携带的硬胚乳修饰基因贫富悬殊很大,只有筛选利用较丰富的亲本材料,通过自交或自交与姊妹交相结合的二环系选育方法,以早代子粒出现“角帽”和“角圈’为选择目标,才能有效地育成硬胚乳或半硬胚乳O_2玉米交系.  相似文献   

Pbf启动子在小麦离体胚乳中的特性分析     

苗红梅  赵永英  易明林  郅玉宝 《农业生物技术学报》2007,15(6):1070-1071

为了探明胚乳特异启动子的调控活性，对小麦醇溶蛋白盒结合因子基因（pbf）的启动子序列进行了5´、3´和中间缺失片段-GUS基因嵌合体载体（pbf.a-d）的构建，并在小麦离体胚乳中转化。GUS瞬间表达活性检测和功能缺失试验表明：pbf 的-2510- -1bp全长序列能够在小麦离体胚乳中表现活性，而5´ 端-2510bp- -670bp以及3´端-1288bp- -1bp序列的缺失则使启动子在胚乳中丧失了活性；中间序列-2160bp- -689bp的缺失使GUS的表达强度明显降低。文中对pbf启动子序列中存在的重要基序种类和数量以及基序对启动子表达调控活性的作用也给予了初步分析。本文对小麦胚乳发育状态及GUS瞬间表达体系等对pbf启动子活性检测的影响也作了探讨。  相似文献   

Effects of Composition and Share of Seed Coatings on the Mobilization Efficiency of Cereal Seeds During Germination     

L. Gorim  F. Asch 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2012,198(2):81-91

Cereal production systems are increasingly threatened by suboptimal water supply or intermittent drought spells early in the planting season. Seed coated with hydrophilic materials or hydro‐absorbers that increase the amount of water available for germination and seedling development is a promising approach to improving stand establishment under changing conditions. Barley, rye and wheat grains with combinations of hydro‐absorber, humic acid and Biplantol^® in different shares of the total seed mass were germinated in plates at 25 °C on moist filter paper. Germination rates, resource partitioning and mobilization efficiency were assessed and compared with those of uncoated seeds. Results show a strong influence of coat thickness and composition on the germination rate and the efficiency of mobilization of carbohydrates stored in the endosperm. In general, coating significantly reduced germination rate and total germination as compared to uncoated seeds in all cereals tested. Differences in coating thickness had a distinct effect on germination rate for most combinations of coatings and species. Germination rates increased with increasing coat size. This effect was most pronounced for coatings containing hydro‐absorbers and least pronounced for coatings containing humic acid or Biplantol^®. Coating generally increased the amount of carbohydrates partitioned to the roots, and thick coating increased the efficiency of grain reserve mobilization compared with the uncoated seeds. Differences between species and the implications for coating‐related changes in germination metabolism are discussed.  相似文献   

毛泡桐种子和果实发育的研究     

苏金乐 《河南农业大学学报》1989,(3)

对毛泡桐〔Paulownia tomentosa(Thunb)Hemsl.〕种子和果实的发育过程进行了较系统的观察和研究,其特征为:1.胚珠为倒生型,具单珠被和薄珠心;2.胚的发育为十字花型,发育过程经历了指形胚、四细胞原胚、八细胞原胚、球形胚、心形胚、鱼雷形胚和成熟胚阶段;3.胚乳的发育属于细胞型,第一次分裂为横分裂,并形成多细胞的合点吸器和泡状的珠孔吸器;4.为有胚乳种子,珠被外层细胞向四周扩展成网状加厚的种翅;5.为蒴果,二室,内有多数(500～1200粒)种子,果实发育过程经历了速生期、充实期和成熟期阶段.  相似文献   

甜玉米遗传育种研究进展   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  

郑大浩  李艳茹  郭彦 《延边大学农学学报》2003,25(3):213-217

甜玉米是玉米的一种胚乳突变型，甜玉米根据乳熟期胚乳中糖分含量和WSP含量的多少分为普通甜玉米、超甜玉米和加强甜玉米，加强甜玉米又称超甜粘玉米。目前在甜玉米育种中常用的基因有sul、sh2、se、btl、bt2、ae、wx、du等，它们都与胚乳碳水化合物代谢有关。这些基因的单基因纯合或多基因互作都能引起胚乳中碳水化合物组成或含量的改变。目前，已定出了与甜玉米有关的主要胚乳突变基因在玉米染色体上的确切位置，而且对这些基因在胚乳碳水化合物合成途径中的作用也有了较深入的了解。  相似文献   

Tryptophanyl-tRNA Synthetase Gene WRS1 Regulates Rice Seed Development     

TANG Xiaohan  LIU Shijia  LIU Xi  TIAN Yunlu  WANG Yunlong  TENG Xuan  DUAN Erchao  ZHANG Yuanyan  JIANG Ling  ZHANG Wenwei  WANG Yihua  WAN Jianmin 《中国水稻科学》1986,34(5):383-396

【Objective】Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are closely related to the transmission of genetic information. Besides translation, aaRSs in plants participate in gametogenesis and embryo development, early plastid development, immune signal perception and disease defense. In this study, we used a rice endosperm defective mutant to analyze the function of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthase (WRS1) during seed development, proving that WRS1 gene encodes a key factor affecting rice endosperm development. 【Method】In this study, a stably-inherited rice floury endosperm mutant (wrs1) was screened from the mutant library of indica cultivar N22 (Oryza sativa subsp. indica) induced by ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS). Map-based cloning and complementation test identified the target gene. Morphological observation and starch physicochemical properties of wrs1 mature seeds were analyzed. Semi-thin sections were prepared to observe the developing endosperm structure with a scanning electron microscope. qRT-PCR and GUS staining were performed to analyze the expression of WRS1. The expression of starch synthesis related genes in the endosperm at 12 days after flowering was determined by qRT-PCR, and these protein expression levels in mature seed were detected by immunoblotting. The free amino acid contents of mature seeds were measured with a fully automatic amino acid analyzer. 【Result】The seedlings of wrs1 were featured by obvious delay in development and finally withered and died. The floury grains isolated from the heterozygous mutant (WRS1wrs1) showed shrunken belly, decreased grain thickness and thousand-grain weight. Total starch contents, the peak viscosity and breakdown viscosity of pasting starch were lower in wrs1. The compound starch granules in developing endosperm of wrs1 were smaller and loosely arranged. WRS1 was restricted to the 183 kb region of the long arm of chromosome 12. Sequencing revealed a single base substitution in exon 6 of the tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase gene (WRS1), resulting in a substitution of methionine. The expression of most starch synthesis-related genes in wrs1 was down-regulated, while these proteins showed different accumulation levels. The contents of proteins in wrs1 grains were decreased, while free amino acids contents were significantly increased. 【Conclusion】WRS1 encodes tryptophanyl-tRNA synthase. Mutation of this gene affects amino acid homeostasis and protein synthesis in rice endosperm, resulting in abnormal expression of the genes in starch synthesis pathway which affects starch synthesis and accumulation, and eventually lead to seed development defects.  相似文献   

西卡柱花草受精作用和胚及胚乳发育的研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

罗丽娟  邱德勃  林丹  刘国道 《热带作物学报》2001,22(2):30-37

应用常规石蜡切片与压片方法,用铁矾苏木精、汞溴酚蓝和ＰＡＳ反应等进行染色观 察西卡柱花草（Ｓｔｙｌｏｓａｎｔｈｅｓｓｃａｂｒａ ｃｖ． ｓｅｃａ）受精作用和胚及胚乳发育过程。开花后 ３～６ ｈ, 发生双受精作用。卵核的受精作用属有丝分裂前配子融合类型。极核受精过程有２种类型： （１）两极核融合成次生核,然后次生核与精核融合;（２）精核先与上极核融合,受精极核与 另一极核直到有丝分裂开始时才融合。花后２２～２３ ｈ,合子分裂为二细胞原胚,经历单列细 胞胚、长棒形胚、球形胚、心形胚、鱼雷形胚、幼胚、扩大生长胚阶段,花后 ２５～３０ｄ胚发育成 熟。胚发育属于茄型。在扩大生长压时期胚体开始积累淀粉和蛋白质。花后８～９ｈ初生胚乳 核分裂,胚乳发育为核型。至胚长大,充满整个胶囊时胚乳开始退化,胚发育成熟时胚乳仅余 残迹。   相似文献