滴灌条件下冬小麦施氮增产的光合生理响应   总被引：7，自引：4，他引：7  

张彦群  王建东  龚时宏  隋娟 《农业工程学报》2015,31(6):170-177

小麦籽粒产量与抽穗期之后的旗叶光合能力密切相关。为明确冬小麦施氮增产的光合生理响应,该文以充分滴灌不同N追肥量处理的冬小麦田为研究对象,抽穗期后进行3次旗叶光合-光响应曲线测定,量化并比较了旗叶光合能力(Amax)和表观光量子羧化效率(α)等参数及产量(Y)和水分利用效率(WUEa),并确定了旗叶比叶重(SLA)、N含量(N-mass和N-area)和13C同位素甄别率(Δ)对光合参数及产量的影响。分析表明:充分滴灌条件下,增施N肥能延长旗叶光合功能持续期,提高Amax和α,以高N处理(N3,207kg/hm2)处理最为显著(P=0.046),在生育中后期仍能保持较高的Amax,这也是N3处理Y较高的主要原因。而N肥对农田耗水影响不显著,高N处理的WUEa也较高。Amax的提高和维持与旗叶SLA、N-mass、N-area和Δ的变化有关,N肥处理也显著影响了Amax与SLA、N-mass、N-area和Δ之间的线性相关关系。该结果从光合生理角度阐明了冬小麦施氮增产的生理因素,可为该地区冬小麦滴灌施肥管理提供参考。  相似文献   

Ammonia volatilization from nitrogen fertilizers surface-applied to corn (Zea mays) and grass pasture (Dactylis glomerata)     

S. L. Oberle  L. G. Bundy 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1987,4(4):185-192

Summary The major agronomic concern with NH₃ loss from urea-containing fertilizers is the effect of these losses on crop yields and N fertilizer efficiency. In this 2-year study, NH₃ volatilization from surface-applied N fertilizers was measured in the field, and the effects of the NH₃ losses detected on corn (Zea mays L.) and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) yield and N uptake were determined. For corn, NH₄NO₃ (AN), a urea-AN solution (UAN), or urea, were surface-broadcast at rates of 0, 56 and 112 kg N ha^–1 on a Plano silt loam (Typic Argiudoll) and on a Fayette silt loam (Typic Hapludalf). Urea and AN (0 and 67 kg N ha^–1) were surface-applied to grass pasture on the Fayette silt loam. Significant NH₃ losses from urea-containing N sources were detected in one of four corn experiments (12%–16% of applied N) and in both experiments with grass pasture (9%–19% of applied N). When these losses occurred, corn grain yields with UAN and urea were 1.0 and 1.5 Mg ha^–1, respectively, lower than yields with AN, and orchardgrass dry matter yields with urea were 0.27 to 0.74 Mg ha^–1 lower than with AN. Significant differences in crop N uptake between N sources were detected, but apparent NH₃ loss based on N uptake differences was not equal to field measurements of NH₃ loss. Rainfall following N application markedly influenced NH₃ volatilization. In corn experiments, NH₃ loss was low and yields with all N sources were similar when at least 2.5 mm of rainfall occurred within 4 days after N application. Rainfall within 3 days after N application did not prevent significant yield reductions due to NH₃ loss from urea in grass pasture experiments.  相似文献   

The effects of crop husbandry and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrate leaching from a shallow limestone soil growing a five course combinable crop rotation   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

P. A. Johnson  M. A. Shepherd  P. N. Smith 《Soil Use and Management》1997,13(1):17-23

Abstract. Nitrogen (N) leaching losses from a shallow limestone soil growing a five course combinable croprotation (oilseed rape, wheat, peas, wheat, barley) were measured from 1990 until 1995 using porous ceramic cups, at 60 cm depth, and drainage estimates. The crops were grown with three husbandry systems and two levels of N fertilizer. The husbandry systems were designed to reflect local practice (Standard), the best possible techniques to reduce N loss (Protective) and an Intermediate system which was a compromise between the two. Nitrogen was applied at full and half recommended rates. Drainage started during September in four years and November in one year, with above average drainage in three years. Losses of N were largest after peas (58 kg/ha) and oilseed rape (42 kg/ha), and least (17 kg/ha) before peas sown in spring after a cover crop. Over five years, the Protective management system, which used early sowing and shallow cultivation wherever possible, lost least N (31 kg/ha/y) and the Standard system, with conventional drilling dates and ploughing as the primary cultivation, lost most (49 kg/ha/y). Halving the N fertilizer decreased N loss by 11 kg/ha/y, averaged over the rotation. None of the treatments gave mean drainage water nitrate concentrations of less than 50 mg/l, averaged over the five years. Changes to arable cropping alone will not eliminate the need for other measures to control nitrate concen-trations in public drinking water supplies.  相似文献   

Effects of N sources and methane concentrations on methane uptake potential of a typical coniferous forest and its adjacent orchard soil   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

Xingkai?Xu  Kazuyuki?InubushiEmail author 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2004,40(4):215-221

After removal of the above-ground plant debris three different soil layers were taken from a typical coniferous forest and its adjacent orchard in Numata City, Japan. The potentials of soil CH₄ uptake at two initial CH₄ concentrations were studied under aerobic conditions in the laboratory, along with inhibition of soil CH₄ oxidation by urea-N or KNO₃-N addition. Due to long-term N inputs, the CH₄ uptake of the upper mineral layer of the orchard soil was 25.4% and 87.7% lower than that of the surface forest soil at 2.4 and 12.6 l l^–1 CH₄, respectively. Methane uptake of the forest soil decreased with increasing soil depths at two CH₄ levels. However, maximal CH₄-consuming activity occurred in the 9- to 23-cm depth of the orchard soil at 12.6 l l^–1 methane. Nitrogen additions in the form of KNO₃ or urea at the rate of 200 g N g^–1 soil substantially reduced soil CH₄ uptake in the upper and sub-surface mineral layers at both sites, except that the addition of KNO₃-N had no apparent inhibitory effect on the CH₄ uptake in the 9- to 23-cm depth of the orchard soil. A strong inhibitory effect of NO₃^– addition on the CH₄ uptake, in contrast to NH₄⁺, occurred in the surface forest soil. The use of KNO₃-N, as compared to urea or urea plus a nitrification inhibitor (dicyandiamide), resulted in a lower potential to cause inhibition of CH₄ oxidation in the 0- to 23-cm depth of the orchard soil.  相似文献   

控释肥残膜对土壤性质和作物生长的影响   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

戴九兰  史衍玺  杨守祥 《山东农业大学学报(自然科学版)》2002,33(3):322-325

通过室内残膜强化试验，研究了控释肥残膜对土壤性质及作物生长（以花生为例）的影响。结果表明，土壤中残膜含量在0.008范围内，控释肥残膜可明显降低土壤的透水性，提高土壤的田间持水量和保水性，随膜含量的增加，当达到0.010时，土壤的田间持水量却明显降低，透水明显加快，土壤保水性也随之降低。另外随土壤中膜含量的增加，土壤容重降低，土壤比重变化不大，土壤孔隙度明显增加。强化试验结果进一步表明，在一定的土壤残膜含量范围内，随膜含量的增加，花生生长也呈增加趋势，其中最适宜花生生长的土壤膜含量范围为0.00426－0.00574。控释肥残膜在一定范围内对土壤和作物是有益的。  相似文献   

氮钾锌肥配施对玉米地上部分养分的积累与分配的影响     

董社琴 《山西农业大学学报(自然科学版)》2005,25(2):102-105

选用对玉米产量有重要作用的氮和被称作为品质元素且与氮有明显交互作用的钾, 以及在北方地区植物和人体共同缺乏的锌为肥源因子, 采用二次通用旋转回归组合设计的试验方法, 定量探讨了氮、钾、锌肥配施对玉米地上部分氮、钾、锌含量和分布的影响, 为北方地区玉米高产、优质提供合理施肥依据。  相似文献   

腐殖酸载体微肥效应评价研究     

孙泽江 《西南大学学报(自然科学版)》1992,14(3):226-229

棕、黄腐酸占总腐酸量20%以上时,可增产11.72～29.41%。以腐殖酸为载体的优化组合为:小麦加锌、钼,玉米加锌、硼,油菜加硼、钼,水稻加锌、硼可增产5.87～9.56%。腐微肥作叶面肥时,须兼具营养和生长调节功能。其增产机制主要表现在减少颖花退化,增加结实率和千粒重。  相似文献   

黔东南州黄壤水稻土磷钾营养效应研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

王月琴  刘文锋 《西南大学学报(自然科学版)》1994,16(6):561-565

以氮肥作肥底，采用磷、钾２因素Ｄ－饱和最优设计，在黔东南州不同海拔的黄壤水稻土进行水稻磷钾营养试验，结果表明，黄壤水稻土普遍缺磷，每ｋｇ可增产稻谷５．４ｋｇ．每ｈｍ＾２施有机肥１．５万ｋｇ、土壤速效钾＞１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ时，可不施用化学钾肥；当土壤效钾＜８０ｍｇ／ｋｇ时，施化学钾肥有显著的经济效益。本试验获得了不同肥力水平黄壤水稻土磷、钾最佳施肥方案４套，按此方案实施每ｈｍ＾２可获得稻谷产量８１００  相似文献   

叶片喷K对柠檬果实产量和品质的影响     

秦煊南  尹克林  唐继勇  刘万  何绍国 《西南大学学报(自然科学版)》1993,(2)

对尤力克柠檬(Gilrus limon Burm)叶面喷钾,可极显著地提高叶片含钾量.叶含钾量与果重和总产量呈正相关;对提高果汁率、可溶性固形物、维生素 C,总酸和总糖的含量,也有良好效应.  相似文献   

兴安落叶松容器苗的测土施肥实验   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

康冰梅  肖德华 《东北林业大学学报》2007,35(6):31-33

针对各苗圃的地力下降和营养不均衡状况,进行了测土施肥试验。以兴安落叶松容器苗作为样材,采用正交设计方法,分别对新播容器苗和芽移容器苗进行测土施肥。结果表明:在该立地条件下,新播苗肥料的最佳配比为1∶14,最佳施肥量为磷酸二铵45.5g/m2;芽移苗肥料的最佳配比为1∶23,最佳施肥量为尿素6.5g/m2、磷酸二铵39.0g/m2,使苗木当年达到出圃标准。  相似文献