沼肥对大豆产量、品质、养分和土壤化学性质的影响   总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7  

张玉凤  董亮  李彦  刘兆辉  边文范  刘苹 《水土保持学报》2011,25(4):135-138,143

为探讨沼肥在大豆上的合理施用技术,采用田间试验,研究沼肥对大豆产量、品质、养分吸收利用及土壤化学性质的影响。结果表明：与习惯施肥处理相比,100%沼渣、30%沼渣＋化肥、20%沼渣＋化肥处理的大豆产量分别增加1.02%,10.48%,0.16%;大豆粗脂肪含量分别增加2.31%,2.70%,5.07%;磷肥利用率分别增加5.04%,23.39%,8.60%;土壤有机质含量分别升高13.39%,3.68%,0.50%;20-80 cm土层内土壤硝态氮、铵态氮含量降低幅度分别在13.70%～61.56%,15.98%～70.10%之间。说明试验条件下,无论沼渣单施还是沼渣与化肥配施均可提高大豆粗脂肪含量、磷肥利用率、土壤有机质含量,降低氮素的流失。  相似文献   

菠菜硝态氮累积和还原与植株生长的关系     

黄彩变  王朝辉  王小英  李生秀 《农业环境保护》2011,(4):613-618

通过盆栽试验,以两个硝态氮含量差异显著的菠菜品种为供试材料,在不同生长时期,测定了叶柄、叶片干重、水分含量、硝态氮含量及叶片内源和外源硝酸还原酶活性,研究菠菜硝态氮累积和硝酸还原酶活性的动态变化及其与植株生长变化的关系。结果表明,随生长期后移,叶柄、叶片及地上部干重和水分含量先增加而后降低,硝态氮含量则持续降低,低硝态氮累积品种S9的下降更为明显,出苗后52d和62d地上部分别降低了100%和89.7%;叶片内源和外源酶活性则随植株生长量增加而增加,高硝态氮累积品种S4增加（379%和199%）更明显,之后该品种酶活性随植株生长量降低而显著下降,品种S9却显著增加,分别为121%和288%。生长前期,品种S4硝态氮含量、干重增长速率及内源、外源酶活性均显著高于品种S9,内源/外源酶活性比值却明显低于后者;生长后期,除外源酶活性和内源/外源酶活性比值外,品种间差异均不明显。因此,生长前期高累积品种硝态氮含量降低较少,主要原因可能是其内源/外源酶活性比值（70.7%）较低,生长后期该品种的内源/外源酶活性比值（98.2%）显著增加后,硝态氮含量迅速下降进一步证明了这一推测。综合上述结果可知,内源/外源酶活性比值更能揭示植株生长变化引起的品种间硝态氮含量变化差异。  相似文献   

生物质炭和氮肥配施对菠菜产量和硝酸盐含量的影响     

张万杰  李志芳  张庆忠  杜章留  马铭烨  王一丁 《农业环境保护》2011,(10):1946-1952

施用生物质炭是提高作物产量和氮肥利用效率的潜在有效措施。以菠菜为供试作物开展盆栽试验,研究了生物质炭与氮肥配施对菠菜产量、组织中硝酸盐含量及养分（氮磷钾）含量的影响。生物质炭设3个水平：C0（0g·kg-1）、C5（5g·kg-1）和C10（10g·kg-1）,氮素3个水平分别为N0（0mg·kg-1）、N1（90mg·kg-1）和N2（120mg·kg-1）。试验结果表明,在N0和N1水平下,施用生物质炭显著提高了菠菜产量,增幅为16.6%～57.3%,而在N2水平下,生物质炭对菠菜产量无显著影响（P〉0.05）。同时,在N1水平下,与C0处理相比,C5和C10处理菠菜组织中硝酸盐含量分别增加了198.7%和233.4%;而在N2水平下,C5和C10处理的硝酸盐增幅分别为8.8%和46.3%。在不同氮素水平下,生物质炭的施用增加了菠菜对氮和钾的吸收,而对磷素吸收的影响不明显。总之,生物质炭与氮肥配施可以提高菠菜产量,明显增加氮肥当季利用效率。  相似文献   

Comparing Nutrient Availability in Low-Fertility Soils using Ion Exchange Resin Capsules     

《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(1-2):368-376

Assessing the nutrient status of low-input, low-fertility desert soils poses some unique challenges. Commonly used soil analysis procedures and resin capsules generally assess nutrient status of fertile agricultural soils. Ion-exchange resin capsules (Unibest Company, Bozeman, Mont.) provide a viable alternative. A study was conducted to determine effectiveness of resin capsules to extract low levels of nutrients applied to native soils. Loamy sand and sandy clay loam desert soils from Utah were treated with combinations of four rates of nitrogen (N) as ammonium nitrate (34–0–0), three rates of phosphorus (P) as phosphoric acid (0–72–0), and two rates of iron sulfate (FeSO₄·7H₂O) and zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄·7H₂O) (include an untreated control). Each soil treatment was implanted with a resin capsule placed into either 250 or 1000 cm³ of soil after addition of water equivalent to 50% field capacity and incubated for either 60 or 120 days at 25 °C. After the appropriate incubation time, capsules were washed and extracted using 2 M hydrochloric acid (HCl), and the extract was used to measure iron (Fe), ammonium (NH₄)-N, nitrate (NO₃)-N, sulfur (S), and zinc (Zn). Conventional soil tests were completed on incubated soils (60 or 120 days). Resin capsules reflected NH₄-N and P fertilizer applied at low rates in the loamy sand but not in the sandy clay loam. Neither Fe nor Zn application was reflected in resin capsules, but the accompanying S was clearly quantified. In comparison to conventional soil test procedures, resin capsule NH₄-N was clearly a better indicator than KCl-extractable NH₄-N; resin capsule NO₃-N was effective, but not as good an indicator as water extraction; and resin capsule P was reflective of soil applied P in loamy sand but not in sandy clay loam, whereas sodium bicarbonate was effective in both soils. Resin capsules show promise for use in low-input conditions, but additional understanding of interactions in variable soils is needed.  相似文献   

Nitrogen effects on cantaloupes     

《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(6):467-476

Abstract

The NO₃ levels in cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L.) petioles relate closely to N treatment and reflect the N status of the cantaloupe plant. Suggested levels of petiole NO₃ in cantaloupes grown in Arizona are presented. Nitrogen treatment had little effect on melon size, earliness, or most storage quality factors that were evaluated except that deficiencies resulted in lower netting, poor general appearance and an increase in cull melons.  相似文献   

紫色土坡耕地氮素淋失通量的实测与模拟   总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9  

朱波  周明华  况福虹  汪涛 《中国生态农业学报》2013,21(1):102-109

氮淋失是氮素循环研究中最重要的环节之一,获得准确的氮淋失通量是当今农田氮循环研究中必不可少而又较为困难的工作之一。紫色土土层薄,土壤氮素难以蓄存,加之降水丰富,下伏透水性较弱的母岩,淋溶水达到母岩后难以垂直下渗而沿土壤岩石界面出流、汇流形成壤中流,紫色土氮素淋失主要表现为氮素随壤中流迁移流失。DNDC模型是基于过程的一种土壤碳氮循环模型,常用于农田温室气体排放模拟,但其应用于氮素淋溶的验证与测试不足。本文利用大型坡地排水采集器(lysimeter),测定紫色土坡耕地淋溶水量(壤中流流量)和氮素淋失通量,并利用观测数据对DNDC模型进行验证。结果表明,紫色土坡耕地小麦玉米季累积淋溶水通量为323.6 mm,径流系数33.3%,氮素淋失量为36.93 kg.hm 2,占全年氮素施用量的13.2%。壤中流流量与氮素淋失量实测值和模拟值的Pearson相关系数分别为0.944(P<0.05)和0.972(P<0.05),Theil不等系数分别为0.07和0.1,降雨量、土壤孔隙率和施氮水平是氮流失模拟的高敏感性参数。DNDC模型应用于紫色土坡耕地氮素淋失通量的模拟具有较高的可靠性,同时DNDC基于过程模型的优势可以描述持续降雨条件下的氮淋失过程,未来可通过进一步的验证,测试DNDC模型应用于氮淋失过程及区域氮淋失评估的可行性。  相似文献   

淮南矿区煤矸石风化物特性及有机碳分布特征   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

郑永红  张治国  胡友彪  姚多喜  陈孝杨 《水土保持通报》2014,(5):18-24

以淮南矿区潘一矿煤矸石山为研究对象,通过对煤矸石风化物的理化特性、电镜扫描(SEM)、能谱(EDS)和总有机碳(TOC)含量分析,初步研究了煤矸石风化物有机碳分布和释放规律,以及煤矸石山堆积淋溶作用对周边土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量的影响。结果表明,从山顶、山腰到山脚煤矸石风化物中的总有机碳(TOC)含量依次减小,随着采样深度的增加总有机碳(TOC)含量逐渐变大。煤矸石风化物中总有机碳含量与煤矸石风化物粒径大小呈正相关,与煤矸石风化物的风化程度成负相关。不同粒径煤矸石风化物淋滤液中溶解性有机碳(DOC)的含量随着淋溶时间增大而减小,在96h淋滤液中溶解性有机碳含量趋于稳定,且值较为接近。距离山脚2~100m内,随着采样距离的增加土壤中溶解性有机碳含量(DOC)呈减少趋势。在距离煤矸石山80~100m处土壤溶解性有机碳含量接近正常农田土壤含量。  相似文献   

Zinc exposure has differential effects on uptake and metabolism of sulfur and nitrogen in Chinese cabbage          下载免费PDF全文

C. Elisabeth E. Stuiver  Freek S. Posthumus  Saroj Parmar  Muhammad Shahbaz  Malcolm J. Hawkesford  Luit J. De Kok 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2014,177(5):748-757

Zinc (Zn) is a plant nutrient; however, at elevated levels it rapidly becomes phytotoxic. In order to obtain insight into the physiological background of its toxicity, the impact of elevated Zn²⁺ concentrations (1 to 10 μM) in the root environment on physiological functioning of Chinese cabbage was studied. Exposure of Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis) to elevated Zn²⁺ concentrations (≥ 5 μM) in the root environment resulted in leaf chlorosis and decreased biomass production. The Zn concentrations of the root and shoot increased with the Zn²⁺ concentration up to 68‐fold and 14‐fold, respectively, at 10 μM compared to the control. The concentrations of the other mineral nutrients of the shoot were hardly affected by elevated Zn²⁺ exposure, although in the root both the Cu and Fe concentrations were increased at ≥ 5 µM, whereas the Mn concentration was decreased and the Ca concentration strongly decreased at 10 µM Zn²⁺. The uptake and metabolism of sulfur and nitrogen were differentially affected at ≥ 5 µM Zn²⁺. Zn²⁺ exposure resulted in an increase of sulfate uptake and the activity of the sulfate transporters in the root, and in enhanced total sulfur concentration of the shoot, which could be ascribed partially to an accumulation of sulfate. Moreover, Zn²⁺ exposure resulted in an up to 6.5‐fold increase in water‐soluble non‐protein thiol (and cysteine) concentration of the root. However, nitrate uptake by the root and the nitrate and total nitrogen concentrations of the shoot were decreased upon Zn²⁺ exposure, demonstrating the absence of a mutual regulation of the uptake and metabolism of sulfur and nitrogen at toxic Zn levels. Evidently, elevated Zn²⁺ concentrations in the root environment did not only disturb the uptake, distribution and assimilation of sulfate, it also affected the uptake and metabolism of nitrate in Chinese cabbage.  相似文献   

浙北平原不同种植年限蔬菜地土壤氮磷的积累及环境风险评价   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李艾芬  章明奎 《农业环境保护》2010,(1):122-127

长期过量施肥可导致蔬菜地土壤养分大量累积、养分利用效率下降和环境污染风险增加。以浙北平原不同种植年限蔬菜地土壤为研究对象,采用化学测试方法研究了菜地土壤氮和磷的积累及其淋失潜力的变化。结果表明,随着种植年限的增加,蔬菜地土壤全磷、有效磷（Olsen P）和NO3-N呈明显的积累;蔬菜种植年限为〈2、2～5、6～10、11～20、20～30和＆gt;30a的表土全P平均分别为0.66、0.75、1.07、1.49、2.40和2.12g·kg-1,有效P平均分别为13.2、37.8、42.2、70.2、137.9和101.7mg·kg-1,NO3-N平均分别为9.15、13.58、50.18、46.48、73.28和74.20mg·kg-1,同时土壤N和P垂直下移渐趋明显。土壤水溶性磷含量随土壤有效磷（OlsenP）积累的变化存在一个明显的突变点,相对应的土壤OlsenP临界值约为60mg·kg-1。随着种植年限增长,蔬菜地地表径流中氮和磷浓度呈明显增加,利用年限为20～30a的蔬菜地径流中可溶性P和NO3-N浓度分别约为利用年限〈2a蔬菜地的13.12和9.48倍。研究认为,长期超量施肥已导致这一地区蔬菜地土壤养分的过度积累,在蔬菜生产中应重视和提倡平衡施肥,控制土壤氮磷的积累。  相似文献   

Nutrient leaching from the plow layer by water percolation and accumulation in the subsoil in an irrigated paddy field     

Masahiko Katoh  Jun Murase  Motoki Hayashi  Kazuo Matsuya  Makoto Kimura 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(5):721-729

To estimate the impact of water percolation on the nutrient status in paddy fields, the seasonal variations of the concentrations of cations, anions, inorganic carbon (IC), and of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in percolating water that was collected from just below the plow layer (PW-13) and from drainage pipes at the 40 em depth (PW-40), as well as in irrigation water were measured in an irrigated paddy field. Total amounts of Ca, Mg, K, Fe, and Mn leached from PW-13 during the period of rice cultivation were estimated to range from about 390 to 770, 65 to 130, 33 to 66, 340 to 680, and 44 to 87 kg ha^-1, respectively. Amounts of losses that were estimated from the differences between the input by irrigation water and the output by percolation water from the plow layer corresponded to 11 to 26, 22 to 47,5.9 to 12, and 13 to 26% of exchangeable Ca and Mg, amorphous Fe, and easily reducible Mn in the plow layer, respectively. The concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Fe, and Mn in PW13 were higher than those in PW-40. The amounts of these nutrients that were retained in the subsoil between the 13 em and 40 em soil depth corresponded to 83, 86, 61, 99, and 89% of the amounts that percolated from the plow layer, respectively. Total amounts of IC and DOC that percolated from the plow layer ranged from 750 to 1,500 and 85 to 170 kg-C ha^-1, which corresponded to 5.0 to 10.0% and 0.6 to 1.1% of the total carbon content in the plow layer, respectively. Eighty eight % of IC in the percolating water from the plow layer was also retained in the subsoil.  相似文献