Nitrogen nutrition,leaf resistance,and leaf photosynthetic rate of the rice plant     

Shouichi Yoshida  Victoria Coronel 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(2):207-211

The evidence that indicates a close association between nitrogen nutrition and the Photosynthetic rate of single rice leaves (Table 1) shows that the photosynthetic rate is related to the nitrogen content on a dry weight basis or on a leaf area basis, Photosynthesis of single leaves can be analyzed in terms of a series of diffusion resistances, i.e., stomatal, mesophyll, and carboxylation (1, 3, 6). Nitrogen nutrition may affect either one of these or more than two at the same time. Nitrogen nutrition affects mainly the mesophyll resistance, and the stomatal resistance to a lesser extent, in cotton, beans, and maize (10) while it affects both the stomatal and mesophyll resistance in sugar beet (8).  相似文献   

Behavior of phenolic substances in the decaying process of plants     

Haruo Shindo  Shozo Kuwatsuka 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(2):221-232

The behavior of phenolic substances in the decaying process of rice straw, ladino clover, and fanen leaves of red oak under moist conditions, and also of rice straw under various conditions were compared in the laboratory. The amounts of phenolic substances, divided into either humic acid and fulvic acid fractions, or ether-extractable, butanol-extractable and organic solvent-unextractable fractions, and the amounts of individual phenolic acids were periodically determined during incubation for 150 days. The following results were obtained.

1) The amounts and behavior of phenolic substances in various fractions differed considerably among the plant materials. The total amount of phenolic substances was remarkably larger in red oak leaves than in the others during the whole period of incubation. The amounts of phenolics in the fulvic acid fraction changed to a larger extent than those in the humic acid fraction during the decaying process of plant materials. The changes in total amount of phenolics in decaying red oak leaves and ladino clover were mainly due to changes in the level of relatively hydrophilic phenolics in the fulvic acid fraction, but the changes in decaying rice straw were mainly due to changes in the level of relatively lipophilic phenolics.

2) Rice straw and ladino clover, especially the former, contained large amounts of p-coumaric and ferulic acids, but these decreased rapidly in the early stage of the decaying process. The amounts in red oak leaves were small, but did not decrease markedly during incubation.

3) The changes in amounts of phenolics in both humic acid and fulvic acid fractions in the decaying process of rice straw were largely influenced by temperature, moisture, and pH, but not to a large extent by C/N ratio and the presence of soil. At higher temperatures under moist conditions, phenolic substances disappeared rapidly. Also, acidification of the system inhibited the degradation process.  相似文献   

Effect of rice variety on methane emission from an Indonesian paddy field     

Sutopo Ghani Nugroho  Sunyoto  Jamalam Lumbanraja  Hermanus Suprapto  Wayan Sabe Ardjasa  Makoto Kimura 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(4):799-809

Variations in CH₄ emission from a Sumatra paddy field in which 8 popular modern varieties in Indonesia were grown were compared in the 1994/1995 rainy season. Total amounts of CH₄ emitted during the period of rice growth were in the ranges of 32.6-41.7 and 51.3–64.6 g CH₄ m^-2 for the plots amended with chemical fertilizer only and those amended with both rice straw and chemical fertilizer, respectively. The mean CH₄ emission rate was highest in the plot with the variety Bengawan solo and lowest in the plots with the varieties Atomita-4 and Way seputih among the plots which received chemical fertilizer, while highest in the plot with Way seputih and lowest in the plot with Bengawan solo among the plots amended with both rice straw and chemical fertilizer. The increase in the mean CH₄ emission rates by rice straw application was higher for the plots planted with Way seputih (1.98 times) and Atomita-4 (1.77 times) than for the plots with Bengawan solo (1.23 times) and IR-64 (1.35 times). The plots with Walanai and Cisanggarung recorded intermediate mean emission rates and the increase in CH₄ emission by rice straw application was also intermediate (1.57–1.64 times). It was noteworthy that Way seputih and Atomita-4 were derived from the variety Cisadane, Bengawan solo and IR-64 from the variety IR-54, and Walanai and Cisanggarung from the varieties IR-36 and Pelita 1-1, respectively.

The amounts of CH. emitted for 1 kg grain production ranged from 53 (Atomita-4) to 74 (Kapuas and Walanai) and from 89-93 (IR-64, Bengawan solo, and Atomita-4) to 121 (Kapuas) g CH₄ kg^-1 of grain for the plots amended with chemical fertilizer and those amended with rice straw and chemical fertilizer, respectively.  相似文献   

Ammonium nitrogen in soil solution and seed nitrogen affect the percentage of establishment of rice plants in submerged soil     

Yoshitaka Hara  Kazunobu Toriyama 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(3):415-422

The effect of ammonium nitrogen concentration in soil solution on the establishment of rice plants was examined. The increase of the concentration decreased the percentage of establishment of seeds sown in submerged soil, although most of seeds sown on submerged soil became established. Therefore, the increase of ammonium nitrogen concentration in soil solution may impair the establishment of seeds sown in submerged soil, which would occur presumably because the increase delays the spear growth and emergence without the decline of soil redox potential. Several seed lots with various nitrogen contents were obtained from rice plants grown under various conditions. The percentage of establishment of low-nitrogen seeds sown in submerged soil was much lower than that of high-nitrogen seeds, especially in soils whose solution contained a large amount of ammonium nitrogen. However, the difference in the percentage of establishment between high- and low-nitrogen seeds sown on submerged soil was much smaller. Therefore, the increase of seed nitrogen content may improve the percentage of establishment of seeds sown in submerged soil, presumably because the increase accelerates the spear growth and emergence. Consequently, for direct sowing in submerged soil, ammonium nitrogen concentration in soil solution should remain low because ammonium nitrogen exerts an adverse effect on seedling establishment, and vigorous seeds with a high nitrogen content should be sown because seed nitrogen exerts a beneficial effect on seedling establishment.  相似文献   

Effect of fungicide thiram on microbial communities of rice seed surface estimated by culture-dependent and culture-independent (PCR-RFLP) methods     

Guang-Hua Wang  Yasunori Nakajima  Ichiro Shaku  Makoto Kimura 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(2):303-314

Coating of rice seeds with fungicide Thiram improved the seed germination capability over a long period of time (11 weeks) under low temperature conditions (4 and 8°C), which simulated the sowing of rice seeds in the winter season (the farmer's slack season). To analyze the effect of Thiram on the community structure of microorganisms on the rice seed surface, culture-dependent and culture-independent (PCR-RFLP) methods were applied. PCR-RFLP patterns of 16S rDNA showed that the bacterial communities on the rice seed surface were different between coated and uncoated treatments under 8°C conditions, but that they were very similar under 4°C conditions. PCR-RFLP patterns of 18S rDNA revealed the remarkable effect of Thiram on the fungal community structure under both 4 and 8°C conditions. Although the fungal communities were quite different between coated and uncoated seeds at the beginning of incubation, the fungal communities on the coated seed surface became similar to those of uncoated seeds along with the duration of the incubation period. As the dominance percentage of Fusarium spp. among the isolates increased with the duration of the incubation period for both coated and uncoated seeds, Fusarium was considered to be a responsible for the poor germination of rice seeds that were sown in the winter season.  相似文献   

乳熟阶段短期高温对不同品种早籼稻直链淀粉含量和RVA谱特征参数的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

杨军  陈小荣  朱昌兰  彭小松  贺晓鹏  傅军如  欧阳林娟  边建民  胡丽芳  贺浩华 《中国农业气象》2014,(5):549-555

以2个杂交稻（淦鑫203和金优402）和4个常规稻（中531、B670、E134和ST66）为材料,于水稻乳熟期进行高温处理3d,处理温度分别为35℃和38℃,以同期田间自然温度为对照,研究乳熟期高温对不同品种早籼稻直链淀粉含量和RVA谱特征参数的影响,并对稻米淀粉RVA谱特征值与直链淀粉含量进行相关分析.结果表明,无论是对照还是高温处理,中531和B670的直链淀粉含量、消减值及回复值较低,但崩解值较高,而E134和ST66表现为直链淀粉含量、消减值及回复值较高,崩解值较低;杂交稻淦鑫203和金优402则介于两者中间.与对照相比,38℃高温显著降低淦鑫203、金优402、中531和E134的崩解值,显著提高淦鑫203、中531的消减值、显著降低金优402、中531、B670和E134的回复值.各处理淀粉RVA谱变化趋势较一致,但因品种及温度而略有差异.38℃高温处理下稻米淀粉黏滞性曲线始终低于对照,但常规稻中531和B670的RVA谱形态与对照差异不大.此外,稻米直链淀粉含量与RVA谱各特征值间存在显著相关性.  相似文献   

早显性水稻三系不育系乐3A的选育     

周勇  黄世君  李乾安  魏应海  曾松  侯浪  郑英 《杂交水稻》2021,(2):28-29,78

乐3A是用IR超级稻与金23B杂交F3代的优良单株与矮败型不育系协青早A测交,并经多代回交转育而成的籼稻三系不育系.该不育系配合力强,异交习性好,且具有早熟不完全显性的特点.配制的杂交组合优质,早熟,抗倒性强.2012年8月,该不育系通过了四川省农作物品种审定委员会技术鉴定,所配组合乐3优727、乐3优2275于201...  相似文献   

利用分子标记辅助选择技术改良三系不育系荃9311A稻瘟病抗性的研究     

张云虎  严志  杨力  李方宝  庞战士  邓一文  王慧  冯旗  张从合  陈琳  王合勤  黄艳玲  刘兴江  申广勒 《杂交水稻》2022,(1):19-24

为了提高三系不育系荃9311A的稻瘟病抗性,以含广谱稻瘟病抗性基因Pigm的水稻品种9311为供体,保持系荃9311B为受体和轮回亲本,通过分子标记辅助选择技术筛选抗性基因、剔除恢复基因和遗传背景筛选,在稻瘟病病区进行抗性鉴定,人工接种鉴定以及田间农艺性状考查,于BC2F2代获得有Pigm基因并剔除了恢复基因的改良株系,其后再与荃9311A杂交和连续回交,育成了农艺性状与荃9311A无显著差异而稻瘟病抗性明显增强的三系不育系K9311A及其保持系K9311B。  相似文献   

超级杂交稻叶片光合特性、光合氮素利用效率和产量对不同施氮量的响应     

彭金凤  刘婷婷  许桂玲  冯跃华  王晓珂  李杰  罗强鑫  PHONENASAY Somsana  韩志丽  卢苇 《中国稻米》2021,27(3):30-36

为探明超级杂交稻叶片光合特性、光合氮素利用效率和产量对不同施氮量的响应特征,以Q优6号(V1)、宜香优2115(V2)为材料,于2019年在贵州省黄平县进行了不同施氮量的田间试验.结果 表明,随着施氮量的增加,在孕穗期,最大电子传递速率(Jmax)和单位叶面积氮含量(Narea)呈上升趋势,表观光量子效率(AQE)、净...  相似文献   

长江三角洲典型地区土壤性质对土地利用变化的响应—以江苏省锡山市为例   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

韩书成  濮励杰  陈凤  张彩云  张健  彭补拙 《土壤学报》2007,44(4):612-619

以锡山市为分析样区,对土壤pH、有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾等7个指标对旱地变为未利用地、水田变为菜地、水田变为旱地、水田变为林地和水田变为未利用地等五种变化方式的响应进行了研究.结果表明,土地利用变化对土壤性质有显著影响,但不同变化方式对各指标的影响方向及影响程度不同：（1）水田变为菜地、旱地和林地使土壤向酸化方向发展,土壤pH分别降低0.47、0.78和0.17;旱地和水田变为未利用地分别使土壤pH提高0.24和0.74;（2）水田变为未利用地、菜地和林地分别使有机质降低3.83、3.18和0.35 g kg^-1;水田变为旱地、旱地变为未利用地分别使有机质含量增加7.58和1.07 g kg^-1;（3）旱地变为未利用地、水田变为菜地和未利用地分别使全氮降低0.31、0.08和0.11 g kg^-1;水田变为旱地和林地分别使全氮提高0.41和0.04 g kg^-1;（4）旱地变为未利用地使全磷有微小幅度的降低,降低量为0.01 g kg^-1;水田变为菜地、旱地、林地和未利用地后不同程度地提高全磷含量,增加量分别为0.23、0.08、0.23和0.09 g kg-1;（5）旱地和水田变为未利用地分别使速效氮降低2.38和7.62 mg kg^-1;水田变为菜地、旱地和林地分别使速效氮增加11.61、34.51和18.26 mg kg^-1;（6）旱地变为未利用地使速效磷降低3.70 mg kg^-1;水田变为菜地、旱地、林地和未利用地分别使速效磷增加45.16、7.54、40.55和10.94 mg kg^-1 ;（7）旱地变为未利用地以及水田变为菜地、旱地、林地和未利用地均使速效钾含量有所增加,增加量分别为8.75、77.44、32.28、160.4和27.59 mg kg^-1.  相似文献