雨季不同时段蒋家沟泥石流侵蚀产沙特征的分析     

王裕宜  詹钱登  洪勇  田冰  邹仁元 《水土保持学报》2008,22(6)

根据雨季不同时段,降雨入渗后的土壤含水状况观测以及泉水季节性变化,详细分析了蒋家沟1987-2001年雨季不同时段的167场泥石流侵蚀产沙的特点。结果表明:在雨季中期(7-8月),无论是泥石流暴发频率、产沙量还是规模都是最高值,分别占总样本的70.65%和占总产沙量的78.88%。雨季初期(5-6月)和雨季后期(9-10月)的泥石流,分别占总产沙量的16.16%和4.97%。雨季初期5月的雨沙比(R/s,mm/万m3)高达82.26,6月为3.49;而雨季中期的7月R/s仅为1.32,8月为1.67。这一研究可提高雨季不同时段泥石流降水警戒值确定的精度。  相似文献   

白洋淀湖泊湿地中氮素分布的初步研究   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

万晓红  周怀东  刘玲花  王雨春  袁浩 《水土保持学报》2008,22(2):166-170

湿地中氮素的空间分布在一定程度上反映了湿地环境变化的进程。对白洋淀3个典型淀区沉积物、孔隙水和上覆水中有机质和氮素进行分析,结果表明,白洋淀湖泊湿地沉积物中的有机质和全氮含量在垂直分布上表现出较好的一致性,均随深度增加而减少;但有机质和全氮分布存在空间差异性,英家淀的有机质和全氮含量均高于小杨家淀和小鸭淀;沉积物在6 cm深处,小杨家淀和小鸭淀沉积物中全氮出现一次低值,而所有采样点孔隙水中NH4 -N浓度都在此处出现一个峰值,表明6 cm深度可能是白洋淀湖泊湿地微生物降解有机氮的一个活跃区;芦苇湿地上覆水中NH4 -N和NO3--N含量都高于宽阔湖面水体,说明植被的生长不仅会促进底质有机氮的降解,其自身分泌的代谢产物及残枝败叶的腐烂也会增加水体中各种形态氮的含量,增加对水体中各种氮素的滞留,在芦苇湿地区对水面漂浮物的打捞和对芦苇的及时收割是减少湖泊湿地氮素输入的一种有效途径。  相似文献   

黄河流域水库拦截泥沙量的计算及泥沙分布特征   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

张振克  陈云增  田海涛  丁海燕  王万芳  潘少明 《中国水土保持》2008,(4):20-22

根据黄河输沙量等观测资料,提出了一个简便的用于计算流域水库拦截泥沙量的公式。据对1950—2003年黄河流域水库拦截的泥沙量进行计算,54年来拦截的泥沙总量为196亿t,其中大约有70%的泥沙分布在三门峡和小浪底水库库区。研究指出,对现有黄河干流控制性水库制定科学的调水调沙方案,对在建和拟建的水库采取积极的调水调沙设计,制定黄河流域系统的水沙调配总体方案,将有利于解决黄河下游和三角洲地区与水沙有关的一系列环境问题。  相似文献   

Effects of sediment load on the abrasion of soil aggregate and hydraulic parameters in experimental overland flow          下载免费PDF全文

WANG Jun-guang  YU Bing  NI Shi-min  GUO Zhong-lu  CAI Chong-fa 《农业科学学报》2020,19(4):1117-1126

The breakdown of soil aggregates under rainfall and their abrasion in overland flow are important processes in water erosion due to the production of more fine and transportable particles and, the subsequent significant effect on the erosion intensity. Currently, little is known about the effects of sediment load on the soil aggregate abrasion and the relationship of this abrasion with some related hydraulic parameters. Here, the potential effects of sediment load on soil aggregate abrasion and hydraulic parameters in overland flow were investigated through a series of experiments in a 3.8-m-long hydraulic flume at the slope gradients of 8.7 and 26.8%, unit flow discharges from 2×10~(–3) to 6×10~(–3) m~2 s~(-1), and the sediment concentration from 0 to 110 kg m~(–3). All the aggregates from Ultisols developed Quaternary red clay, Central China. The results indicated that discharge had the most significant(P0.01) effect on the aggregates abrasion with the contributions of 58.76 and 60.34%, followed by sediment feed rate, with contributions of 39.66 and 34.12% at the slope gradients of 8.7 and 26.8%, respectively. The abrasion degree of aggregates was found to increase as a power function of the sediment concentration. Meanwhile, the flow depth, friction factor, and shear stress increased as a power function along with the increase of sediment concentration at different slope gradients and discharges. Reynolds number was obviously affected by sediment concentration and it decreased as sediment concentration increased. The ratio of the residual weight to the initial weight of soil aggregates(Wr/Wi) was found to increase as the linear function with an increasing flow depth(P=0.008) or Reynolds number(P=0.002) in the sediment-laden flow. The Wr/Wi values followed a power function decrease with increasing friction factor or shear stress in the sediment-laden flow, indicating that friction factor is the best hydraulic parameter for prediction of soil aggregate abrasion under different sediment load conditions. The information regarding the soil aggregate abrasion under various sediment load conditions can facilitate soil process-based erosion modeling.  相似文献   

Evidence of sedimentation inequality along riparian areas colonised by Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam)     

P Greenwood  A C Gange  N J Kuhn 《Weed Research》2020,60(1):26-36

Soil loss from riparian areas supporting the annual invasive weed, Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam), was measured and compared with equivalent values recorded at nearby, topographically similar areas supporting perennial vegetation over a cumulative seven-year period, along sections of two separate river systems; one in Switzerland, and one in the UK. Soil loss from colonised locations was significantly greater than from reference locations in four of the seven measurement periods. Despite contrasting results, standard deviations, based on soil losses and gains, were predominantly higher for colonised areas at both rivers over most monitoring periods. These findings indicated that areas colonised by Himalayan balsam experience higher sediment flux in comparison with areas free of invasion. Here, we test those original interpretations by reinterrogating the datasets using a more robust analysis of inequality. Nine datasets were tested, five of which (i.e. 56%) showed that sediment flux was significantly greater at Himalayan balsam-invaded areas than at reference areas. Three datasets showed no difference in sediment flux between invaded and reference areas (33%), and one (11%) showed higher sediment flux at reference areas. Most results uphold our original interpretations and support our hypothesis that hydrochory probably dictates where colonisation initially occurs, by depositing Himalayan balsam seeds in slack or depressional areas along river margins. Once Himalayan balsam becomes established and sufficient perennial vegetation is displaced, seasonal die-off and depleted vegetation cover may increase the risk that some areas will experience significantly higher sediment flux.  相似文献   

增氧对粉绿狐尾藻氮素吸收及其底泥微环境的影响     

李汉常  张文萍  文清柏  谭歆  李宗浩  钟诚  李炎  易达理  杨良玖 《农业环境科学学报》2023,42(1):155-165

为探明增氧对粉绿狐尾藻氮素吸收及其底泥微环境的影响,本研究以粉绿狐尾藻为材料进行盆栽试验,以不增氧处理为对照(CK),分别设置O₁(4 min)、O₂(6 min)、O₃(8 min)、O₄(10 min)4个增氧水平,系统研究了粉绿狐尾藻不同生长时期氮素吸收及其底泥铵态氮、硝态氮含量等的变化规律,揭示了增氧调控底泥微环境、提高粉绿狐尾藻对水体氮污染物降解能力的机理。结果表明：无论增氧与否,粉绿狐尾藻根部和地上部氮素吸收量及植株氮素积累量均随生长时间延长呈逐渐增加趋势,且地上部氮素吸收量均高于根部;与CK相比,生长前期(t₁、t₂时期)增氧8 min、中后期(t₃、t₄、t₅时期)增氧6 min对应的粉绿狐尾藻氮素吸收与积累量均最大,其中增氧6 min对应t₅时期的粉绿狐尾藻植株氮积累量为171.08 mg·株^-1。增氧使粉绿狐尾藻生长前期底泥pH...  相似文献   

太湖不同营养水平湖区沉积物中磷形态的分布特征   总被引：27，自引：2，他引：27  

章婷曦  王晓蓉  金相灿 《农业环境科学学报》2007,26(4):1207-1213

应用淡水沉积物磷形态的标准测试方法(SMT),调查了太湖富营养程度不同的5个湖区沉积物中的磷形态分布及其垂向变化特征。结果表明,太湖各湖区沉积物中总磷(TP)和磷形态空间差异性较大,活性组分(Fe/Al-P)分布的差异性要大于活性较差的组分(Ca-P和OP),这与太湖不同湖区水动力条件,污染状况及沉积环境的有关。TP的平均含量为606.6￣1691.8mg·kg-1,高营养程度的北部湖区高于其他湖区。无机磷(IP)是各湖区沉积物中磷的主要成分,占TP的54.7%￣81.0%。在富营养程度高的藻型湖区梅梁湾,Fe/Al-P是磷的主要存在形态(>58.3%),远高于Ca-P(<25%)和OP(<20%);而在水质较好的草型湖区东太湖,则以有机磷(OP)(43%)为主;在中营养的贡湖,各形态磷比例相当。在垂向分布上,各形态磷都有一定的变化规律,但在不同湖区,不同磷形态的变化趋势不同。  相似文献   

富营养化湖泊沉积物磷释放特点及水生植物对其的影响   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

吴文颖  袁龙义  厉恩华  刘文治  李伟 《湖北农业科学》2007,46(6):1031-1034

湖泊富营养化是一个全球性的环境问题,磷是湖泊富营养化的最主要的限制性因子之一.综述了富营养化湖泊沉积物中磷的化学形态、释放规律及其影响因素,并讨论了水生植物对湖泊内源磷释放的影响机制.  相似文献   

鱼类越冬池底泥若干特性的研究     

杨凤  雷衍之 《大连水产学院学报》1998,13(3):1-8

对进行生物增氧的鱼类越冬池底泥低温状态下的研究表明：（１）底泥吸附性氨态氮含量平均为０．１９４ｍｇ／ｇ（烘干重,不同）,有效磷平均为０．０３９４ｍｇ／ｇ,有机物平均为２５．７ｍｇ／ｇ;（２）间隙水中氨态氮含量为５．３１－３８．４ｍｇ／Ｌ,平均１４．０ｍｇ／Ｌ,占无机氮总量的９９．１％活性磷酸盐（ＰＯ４－Ｐ）含量为０．１１１－０．６３２ｍｇ／Ｌ,平均０．３０２ｍｇ／Ｌ;（３）在无扰动条件下ＮＨ＾＋４  相似文献   

带悬板排沙漏斗三维流场测试   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

周著  唐毅  吴持恭 《新疆农业大学学报》1995,(3)

本文首次利用激光多普勒测速仪（ＬＤＡ）测试了排沙漏斗的三维螺旋流流场，并对其时均流特性及紊动特性进行了分析。  相似文献