天山北坡水资源开发对地下水资源的影响及其合理利用   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

魏忠义 《干旱区资源与环境》1992,6(2):55-62

本文论述了包括乌鲁木齐市在内的天山北坡山前平原范围内的地下水资源数量、补给关系及开采利用条件,以及地下水开发后对该地区地下水位、数量、质量及泉水渗出等方面的影响,并对如何合理利用本地区地下水资源提出了意见。  相似文献   

Linking Land-use, Water Body Type and Water Quality in Southern New Zealand   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Lisa M. Galbraith  Carolyn W. Burns 《Landscape Ecology》2007,22(2):231-241

Land-use and vegetation cover have been linked to the nutrient levels (nitrogen, phosphorus) of surface waters in several countries. However, the links generally relate to streams and rivers, or to specific types of standing water, for example shallow lakes in a geologically defined region. We measured physical variables and nutrient chemistry of 45 water bodies representative of the wide range of lentic wetland environments (swamps, riverine wetlands, estuaries, reservoirs, shallow lakes, deep lakes) in Otago, New Zealand, and related these to catchment variables and land-use in order to assess the potential influence of catchment modification on water quality of these diverse wetlands. Catchment boundaries and land cover were derived from maps using ArcView GIS software. Our predictions that concentrations of nutrients and other components of water quality would correlate positively with the nature and intensity of catchment modification were confirmed in multivariate analyses. Physical and chemical measures were positively related to the extent of modification in the catchment (percentage of the catchment in pasture, planted forest, scrub and urban areas), and negatively related to lack of catchment modification (more of the catchment in bare ground, tussock grassland and indigenous forest). The strong negative correlations between nutrient concentrations, suspended sediment, water colour and the percentage of tussock cover in the catchment imply that increased conversion of the␣native tussock grassland to pastoral farming in␣Otago will increase nutrient concentrations and␣reduce water quality of the diverse lentic ecosystems.  相似文献   

The decline of Austrocedrus chilensis forests in Patagonia, Argentina: soil features as predisposing factors     

Ludmila La Manna  Mario Rajchenberg 《Forest Ecology and Management》2004,190(2-3):345-357

The forests of Austrocedrus chilensis in southern Argentina suffer mortality from “mal del ciprés”, whose causes remain unknown. The purpose of this work was to establish the relation of soil features with the occurrence of the disease. In Río Grande Valley, Chubut Province, Argentina, 14 areas with “mal del ciprés” were selected for study. The spatial pattern of the decline varied among the different areas and was classified as aggregated and disaggregated. In each area, symptomatic and asymptomatic plots were established and characterized by 11 edaphic and topographic variables. Three forest areas where the disease was totally absent were also included. Site features were related to the occurrence of the decline using principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Results indicated that soil properties related to poor internal drainage, such as the proximity to water streams, non-allophanized soils of fine textures, and redoximorphic features, act as predisposing factors to the development of “mal del ciprés”. Poor soil drainage was strongly associated not only with the occurrence of the disease, but also with its spatial pattern. Symptomatic and asymptomatic plots presented similar edaphic features in areas with a disaggregated distribution of the decline and were grouped together in the multivariate analysis. This result suggests that large areas with such a pattern are prone to develop the decline.  相似文献   

Water balance and maize yield following improved sesbania fallow in eastern Zambia   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

E. Phiri  H. Verplancke  F. Kwesiga  P. Mafongoya 《Agroforestry Systems》2003,59(3):197-205

Sesbania [Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr.] fallows are being promoted as a means for replenishing soil fertility in N-depleted soils of small-scale, resource-poor farmers in southern Africa. Knowledge of soil water distribution in the soil profile and water balance under proposed systems is important for knowing the long-term implications of the systems at plot, field and watershed levels. Soil water balance was quantified for maize (Zea mays L.) following 2-year sesbania fallow and in continuous maize with and without fertilizer during 1998–1999 and 1999–2000 at Chipata in eastern Zambia. Sesbania fallow increased grain yield and dry matter production of subsequent maize per unit amount of water used. Average maize grain yields following sesbania fallow, and in continuous maize with and without fertilizer were 3, 6 and 1 Mg ha⁻¹ with corresponding water use efficiencies of 4.3, 8.8 and 1.7 kg mm⁻¹ ha⁻¹, respectively. Sesbania fallow increased the soil-water storage in the soil profile and drainage below the maximum crop root zone compared with the conventionally tilled non-fertilized maize. However, sesbania fallow did not significantly affect the seasonal crop water use, mainly because rainfall during both the years of the study was above the normal seasonal water requirements of maize (400 to 600 mm). Besides improving grain yields of maize in rotation, sesbania fallows have the potential to recharge the subsoil water through increased subsurface drainage and increase nitrate leaching below the crop root zone in excess rainfall seasons. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

香港南莲园池排水系统的人性化景观设计     

郑焯源  宋伟玲 《广东园林》2014,(1):39-41

园林排水工程设施是园林建设的重要组成部分。随着人们审美及技术水平的日益提高,园林排水系统设计不仅需要关注功能使用,还要力求营造出更好的园林景观效果。文章以香港南莲园池为例,探讨了园林排水系统设计和园林造景艺术紧密结合的某些细节及其人性化设计的手法。  相似文献   

河南省河流普查成果分析与评价     

韩潮  余玉敏 《安徽农业科学》2014,(24):8304-8305,8313

主要是对河南省河流普查成果进行简要分析和评价,主要内容包括河流普查成果概述及山地河流特征分析.对河南省境内普查河流的河流长度和流域面积的关系、河流比降的区域分布进行了简要分析,并在河流长度、流域面积和河流数量等方面与以往的资料内容进行了对比分析.总之,该次河湖普查成果取得了很大成就,但仍然存在一些问题.  相似文献   

Emissions of CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O from Southern European peatlands     

Tjaša Danev?i?  Bla? Stres  David Stopar  Janez Hacin 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2010,42(9):1437-1446

Peatlands play an important role in emissions of the greenhouse gases CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O, which are produced during mineralization of the peat organic matter. To examine the influence of soil type (fen, bog soil) and environmental factors (temperature, groundwater level), emission of CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O and soil temperature and groundwater level were measured weekly or biweekly in loco over a one-year period at four sites located in Ljubljana Marsh, Slovenia using the static chamber technique. The study involved two fen and two bog soils differing in organic carbon and nitrogen content, pH, bulk density, water holding capacity and groundwater level. The lowest CO₂ fluxes occurred during the winter, fluxes of N₂O were highest during summer and early spring (February, March) and fluxes of CH₄ were highest during autumn. The temporal variation in CO₂ fluxes could be explained by seasonal temperature variations, whereas CH₄ and N₂O fluxes could be correlated to groundwater level and soil carbon content. The experimental sites were net sources of measured greenhouse gases except for the drained bog site, which was a net sink of CH₄. The mean fluxes of CO₂ ranged between 139 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ in the undrained bog and 206 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ in the drained fen; mean fluxes of CH₄ were between −0.04 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ in the drained bog and 0.05 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ in the drained fen; and mean fluxes of N₂O were between 0.43 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ in the drained fen and 1.03 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ in the drained bog. These results indicate that the examined peatlands emit similar amounts of CO₂ and CH₄ to peatlands in Central and Northern Europe and significantly higher amounts of N₂O.  相似文献   

论林区公路路基排水问题     

王恩涛  庄学理  王传宝 《森林工程》2000,16(2):63-64

本文论述了林区公路路基排水情况;路基排水的几种方法及林区筑路的排水问题.  相似文献   

First data on the coastal dynamics and the sedimentary characteristics of the area influenced by the River Irminio basin (SE Sicily)     

Concetto Amore  Giovanni Randazzo 《CATENA》1997,30(4):357-368

The various lithological outcrops in the drainage basin of the River Irminio are described for their contribution to the riverborne material and therefore to the sedimentary balance of the coastal strip. The main contribution to the present sedimentary balance of the subaqueous delta cannot be attributed to the River Irminio, owing to the extreme difference between fluvial and marine sediments. The river's hydraulic characteristics have not always been constant but have tended to decrease in three stages: the first, with a strong competence, shown by the Quaternary alluvial sediments with pebbles; the second, up to 1985, of medium competence, shown by sandy-gravelly deposits in the coastal strip and by finer sediments in the distal areas; the third, at the present day, with low competence, shown by a prevalently suspended load sediment with practically no fluvial influence and with a sedimentation dominated by the littoral currents; this is because between the 1960s and 1970s, owing to interventions along the river channel, the sediments from the basin were reduced to the point of non-existence and a new sedimentary cycle was set up on the delta with allochthonous sediments, exclusively made up of quartz clasts, whereas in the distal zones the mineralogical and compositional characteristics of the ancient river mouth were maintained.  相似文献   

Gully erosion and environmental change: importance and research needs   总被引：29，自引：0，他引：29  

J. Poesen  J. Nachtergaele  G. Verstraeten  C. Valentin   《CATENA》2003,50(2-4):91-133

Assessing the impacts of climatic and, in particular, land use changes on rates of soil erosion by water is the objective of many national and international research projects. However, over the last decades, most research dealing with soil erosion by water has concentrated on sheet (interrill) and rill erosion processes operating at the (runoff) plot scale. Relatively few studies have been conducted on gully erosion operating at larger spatial scales.Recent studies indicate that (1) gully erosion represents an important sediment source in a range of environments and (2) gullies are effective links for transferring runoff and sediment from uplands to valley bottoms and permanent channels where they aggravate off site effects of water erosion. In other words, once gullies develop, they increase the connectivity in the landscape. Many cases of damage (sediment and chemical) to watercourses and properties by runoff from agricultural land relate to (ephemeral) gullying. Consequently, there is a need for monitoring, experimental and modelling studies of gully erosion as a basis for predicting the effects of environmental change (climatic and land use changes) on gully erosion rates.In this respect, various research questions can be identified. The most important ones are:

What is the contribution of gully erosion to overall soil loss and sediment production at various temporal and spatial scales and under different climatic and land use conditions?

What are appropriate measuring techniques for monitoring and experimental studies of the initiation and development of various gully types at various temporal and spatial scales?

Can we identify critical thresholds for the initiation, development and infilling of gullies in different environments in terms of flow hydraulics, rain, topography, soils and land use?

How does gully erosion interact with hydrological processes as well as with other soil degradation processes?

What are appropriate models of gully erosion, capable of predicting (a) erosion rates at various temporal and spatial scales and (b) the impact of gully development on hydrology, sediment yield and landscape evolution?

What are efficient gully prevention and gully control measures? What can be learned from failures and successes of gully erosion control programmes?

These questions need to be answered first if we want to improve our insights into the impacts of environmental change on gully erosion. This paper highlights some of these issues by reviewing recent examples taken from various environments.  相似文献