适宜山地栽培的烤烟新品种的初步筛选   总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15  

陈学军  刘勇  宗会  卢秀萍  崔国明  张世荣 《山地农业生物学报》2005,24(5):377-379

从农艺性状、经济性状及青枯病田间抗性表现等方面入手,对引进的8个烤烟品种在山地环境下的适应性进行了初步筛选研究.结果表明,参试品种中,云烟201和云烟203产量分别达到了2 460.0 kg · hm-2和2 323.5 kg · hm-2,高于对照的2 049.0 kg · hm-2;云烟201级指最高达到了0.457,云烟203级指达到0.433接近对照的0.439.供试品种中,云烟203青枯病的病情指数最低,仅为33.8;云烟201的接近对照K326,为45.6.综合分析表明,云烟203和云烟201在产量、农艺性状、抗病性及品质等综合性状方面优于对照品种K326,适宜在南方山地推广种植.  相似文献   

The impact of climate change on geomorphology and desertification along a mediterranean-arid transect     

H. Lavee  A. C. Imeson  P. Sarah 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》1998,9(5):407-422

From the perspective of geomorphology, three important aspects of climate should be considered if conditions become more arid: (a) any decrease that might occur in the annual rainfall amount; (b) the duration of rainfall events; and (c) any increase in the intervals between rainfall events. These, together with increasing temperature, lead to less available water, less biomass and soil organic matter content and hence to a decrease in aggregate size and stability. As a consequence, the soil permeability decreases, soils develop surface crusts and infiltration rates decrease dramatically. Such changes in vegetation cover and soil structure lead to an increase in overland flow and in the erosion of the fertile topsoil layer. Positive feedback mechanisms may reinforce these effects and lead to desertification. This paper considers the results of field investigations into the spatial variability of a number of ‘quick response’ variables at two scales: the regional and the plot scales. Concerning the regional scale spatial variability, results of experimental field work conducted along a climatic transect, from the Mediterranean climate to the arid zone in Israel, show that: (1) organic matter content, and aggregate size and stability decrease with aridity, while the sodium adsorption ratio and the runoff coefficient increase; and (2) the rate of change of these variables along the climatic transect is non-linear. A steplike threshold exists at the semiarid area, which sharply separates the Mediterranean climate and arid ecogeomorphic systems. This means that only a relatively small climatic change would be needed to shift the borders between these two systems. As many regions of Mediterranean climate lie adjacent to semiarid areas, they are threatened by desertification in the event of climate change. Concerning spatial variability at the plot scale, different patterns of overland flow generation and continuity characterize hillslopes under different climatic conditions. While in the Mediterranean climate area infiltration is the dominant process all over the hillslope, in the arid area overland flow predominates. In contrast to the uniform distribution of processes in these two zones, a mosaic-like pattern, consisting of locally ‘arid’ water contributing and ‘moist’ water accepting patches is typical of the transitional semiarid area. Such pattern is strengthened by fires or grazing which are characteristic of this area. The development of such mosaic pattern enables most rainfall to be retained on hillslopes. Changes in the spatial pattern of contributing versus accepting water areas can be used as an indicator of desertification and applied to developing rehabilitation strategies. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

刺参凝集素的分离纯化及其性质   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  

李丹彤 《水产学报》2005,29(5):654-658

为探寻刺参药用价值,探索其抑制肿瘤细胞增殖,促进淋巴细胞转化等生物功能。将刺参(Apotichopusjaponicus)经磷酸盐缓冲溶液抽提,20%~75%硫酸铵分级沉淀,Sephadex G-200分子筛层析,得到刺参凝集素(AJL)。用Sephadex G-200分子筛层析测得其分子量为85 652Da。AJL的含糖量为20.9%。该凝集素可以凝集人的A、B、AB、O型红细胞,且对A型红细胞凝集作用最强,在对兔、鼠、鲤鱼、鸡和人的A、B、AB、O红细胞的凝集作用中,对鸡的凝集作用最强。该凝集素凝集兔红细胞的作用不被D-果糖、D-甘露糖、γ-球蛋白、葡萄糖、蔗糖、甘露聚糖所抑制,而被牛甲状腺球蛋白所抑制,其最小抑制浓度为1.55mg.mL-1。该凝集素凝集兔红细胞的作用不被二价金属离子Ca2 、Mg2 及EDTA所抑制。该凝集素在pH4.0~10.14系列缓冲液中均有活性,其中在pH4.4~7.5范围内血凝活性最高。该凝集活性在90℃加热30min后仍然对红细胞有凝集活性,显示出较高的热稳定性。  相似文献   

不同耕作方式对绿洲区夏玉米农田土壤呼吸及酶活性的影响   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

伏星舟  王立  杨彩红  王军强  施志国  李彦荣 《水土保持通报》2018,38(5):103-108

[目的]研究民勤荒漠绿洲区免耕(Tn)、少耕(Tm)、深松(Ts)和秋翻(Tf)4种耕作方式下土壤呼吸速率的动态变化及其与土壤酶活性的关系,为制定科学有效的土壤碳调控管理措施提供依据。[方法]在2a的田间定位试验基础上,利用LI-8100土壤碳通量测量系统测定不同生育时期(苗期、抽穗期和成熟期)玉米田土壤呼吸速率动态变化,同时取0—20cm土样测定土壤酶活性和理化性质。[结果](1)民勤荒漠绿洲区土壤呼吸具有典型的日动态变化,4种耕作措施土壤呼吸速率日变化在玉米整个生育期呈单峰曲线变化,土壤呼吸速率依次为:TfTmTsTn,有机碳含量与土壤呼吸速率呈显著正相关(p0.05),说明在民勤荒漠绿洲区,传统耕作明显加快了玉米农田土壤碳的释放。(2)土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性与土壤呼吸有较好相关性(p0.05),其中与过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性达到极显著水平(p0.01);pH值、速效钾、有机碳与脲酶、蔗糖酶、β-葡糖糖苷酶活性达到极显著水平(p0.01)。[结论]耕作方式可以通过改变荒漠绿洲区土壤理化性质、激发酶活性从而使土壤呼吸速率发生不同程度的改变,影响玉米田CO2的释放。  相似文献   

Can within field yield variation be explained using horizontal penetrometer resistance and electrical conductivity measurements? Results from three Swedish fields     

Elisabeth Bölenius  Johanna Wetterlind  Thomas Keller 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2018,68(8):690-700

Spatial variations in yield occur in all agricultural fields to some degree. Knowledge of the reasons for these variations, especially temporally stable yield patterns, is needed in order to improve productivity by changing production methods or inputs. This information must be provided in a simple, cost-effective way. This study investigated whether field-scale measurements of penetration resistance (PR) could identify temporally stable yield patterns without complementary measurements of other properties. The PR measurements were also compared with field-scale apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) measurements and correlations between yield and PR and yield and ECa were investigated. Measurements with a newly constructed horizontal penetrometer and a non-invasive proximal electromagnetic induction sensor were carried out in three fields in east-central Sweden. The measurements were made once in each field, apart from one field where PR was measured twice in one season. The sensor measurements were compared with crop yield measured over the course of several years. The horizontal penetrometer was able to identify low-yielding areas in one field. However, single measurements of PR or ECa were insufficient to consistently identify yield variations. Parts of the fields showed more consistent patterns, with stronger correlations between PR, ECa and yield. PR and ECa data were better at explaining yield variations in drier years, but showed diverging patterns in different fields and neither showed a much stronger correlation to yield than the other. In future studies, simultaneous measurement of soil water content is recommended and also PR measurements at a water content drier than field capacity.  相似文献   

成型和灼烧温度对垃圾衍生燃料灰渣理化特性的影响     

黎涛  熊祖鸿  鲁敏  谢森  熊培培 《农业工程学报》2018,34(8):214-219

以生活垃圾衍生燃料(refuse derived fuel,RDF)为研究对象,通过挤压成型的RDF与非成型的RDF在600~1 100℃条件下灼烧,所产生的灰渣进行质量、粒径、化学成分等特性进行分析,探索RDF灰渣随温度变化的规律以及潜在的应用价值。研究结果表明,在1 000℃以下,RDF灰渣随着温度提高,灰分组分发生分解反应,主要是残余有机物、碳酸盐、硫酸盐的分解,灰渣粒径减小;当温度升至1 000℃以上,灰分组分发生化合反应,生成产物以复合硅酸盐为主,灰渣粒径增大甚至结块;灰渣在化学反应过程中,非金属元素C,Cl,S转化为气体化合物逸出主体,使灰渣质量减小;成型RDF灰渣晶体含量比非成型RDF高;成型RDF灰渣粒径比非成型RDF灰渣大。  相似文献   

畜禽粪便超高温堆肥产物理化性质及其对小白菜生长的影响   总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5  

曹云  黄红英  吴华山  孙金金  徐跃定  常志州 《农业工程学报》2018,34(12):251-257

为考察超高温快速堆肥提高畜禽粪便处理效率的可行性及其产物农田施用效果,以鸡粪(chicken manure,CM)、猪粪(pig manure,PM)、奶牛粪(dairy manure,DM)和稻壳为发酵原料,监测其在85℃、发酵24 h前后的理化特性和嗜热微生物数量变化,并采用盆栽试验研究了鸡粪为主要原料的快速堆肥产物对小白菜出苗和生长的影响。结果表明,超高温发酵24 h后粪便中病原菌数量和含水率达到有机肥质量标准,70℃能生长的高温微生物数量提高2个数量级。超高温快速堆肥后,CM,PM,DM浸提液可溶性有机碳质量分数分别增加了46.5%、22.9%和42.6%,挥发性脂肪酸质量分数分别增加了37.2%,31.2%和56.8%。超高温快速堆肥对CM,PM,DM总氮、总磷、总钾含量影响不大,但游离氨基酸质量分数分别增加79.2%,58.1%,74.6%;总腐殖质质量分数分别增加了27.6%,3.4%,27.3%。CM,PM中铵态氮质量分数分别上升了114.6%,40.6%(P0.001),因而降低了种子发芽指数和小白菜出苗率。但出苗后,施用超高温快速堆肥产物的小白菜地上部生物量最高,分别比施用纯化肥、腐熟有机肥高出20.4%(P0.05)和51.9%(P0.05)。可见超高温快速堆肥(85℃,24 h)提高畜禽粪便处理效率是可行的,其产物施入土壤能减少无机氮肥的施用,但不宜用于育苗,施用时应根据土壤和作物类型,采用合理的施用量和施用方法。  相似文献   

超声波改善大蒜秸秆不溶性膳食纤维结构及吸附性   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

黄六容  陈甜  赵匀淑  李璇  陈文文 《农业工程学报》2018,34(12):294-299

为了增强大蒜秸秆膳食纤维的功能特性,采用超声波对大蒜秸秆的不溶性膳食纤维(insoluble dietary fiber,IDF)进行改性处理。以提高葡萄糖吸附能力为目标,利用单因素试验和响应面法优化大蒜秸秆IDF的超声改性条件,通过胆固醇结合力、吸水性、持油性及膨胀能力等来评价改性后IDF的功能特性,并通过扫描电镜和红外光谱分析其结构变化。结果表明:液料质量比30:1、超声功率700 W和超声时间40 min时,大蒜秸秆IDF的葡萄糖吸附能力明显提高,比对照组提高了12.8%,胆固醇吸附力则提高了45.0%(P0.05);超声处理所得IDF的色泽品质和物理化学特性也明显优于对照组(P0.05);超声处理和对照IDF的红外吸收光谱基本相同,电镜结果显示超声波处理使IDF的组织结构变得更加疏松,其表面呈现蜂窝状,有助于表现出较强的吸附性,从而赋予大蒜秸秆IDF更强的功能品质和物理化学特性。  相似文献   

山梨酸钾/氯化钾复合相变材料制备及热物性分析   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

章学来  王迎辉  纪珺  刘俊名  李玉洋  韩兴超  徐笑锋  周孙希  刘璐  刘升 《农业工程学报》2018,34(18):277-283

为开发出高效、性能稳定的微冻保鲜用相变蓄冷剂,保证运输中肉制品等农产品的品质,以山梨酸钾水溶液为主基液,探究添加氯化钾后相变蓄冷材料的热物性及热循环稳定性。对比30 g/L山梨酸钾溶液,当再添加氯化钾浓度为5 g/L时,相变温度为-2.8℃,潜热为254.6 J/g,热导率为1.012 W/(m·K),热扩散率为1.01 mm2/s。添加氯化钾对相变温度和潜热几乎没有影响;溶液的热导率提高了23.32%;热扩散率提高了151.37%。经200次冻融循环后,未添加氯化钾的相变溶液出现了-5.3℃的过冷度,含氯化钾的相变溶液没有过冷度,氯化钾在山梨酸钾相变过程中体现出了其良好的成核作用,使得该复合相变蓄冷剂具有优异的热稳定性。试验表明,山梨酸钾/氯化钾复合相变蓄冷剂适合于农产品的微冻保鲜用。  相似文献   

改进颗粒组构力学模型模拟筒仓卸粮成拱细观机理   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2  

冯永  李萌 《农业工程学报》2018,34(20):286-293

现有研究表明筒仓卸粮成拱和粮食的内外摩擦密切相关,但现行相关离散元模拟采用单一圆形颗粒,模拟粮食的真实接触面积要小很多,不能客观反映卸粮过程粮食的摩擦情况,也较难还原卸粮成拱现象的细观动态过程。该文针对离散元模拟中圆形颗粒的内摩擦力小于真实粮食内摩擦力的缺陷,在已有PFC离散元程序基础上,添加了黏度系数较大的微型颗粒模拟粉尘,建立了一种改进颗粒组构力学模型,采用几何方法判断圆形颗粒间的接触情况,推导出基本单元间力-位移关系。基于典型事故案例和室内试验成果,采用建立的颗粒组构力学模型模拟了卸粮成拱动态过程中圆形大颗粒间以及圆形小颗粒与仓壁之间的力-位移关系。研究表明在卸粮过程中,切应力在剪切位移达到0.3 mm的过程中,迅速提高,达到最大值切应力的60%,所得的切应力位移图与其应力特征曲线与试验成果基本吻合。以试验结果曲线各点值为标准值,改进后模拟结果曲线值的标准差相比改进前减小37%,说明曲线相似度更高,利用该模型可更加客观反映筒仓卸粮成拱的动态细观机理。该文提出的改进颗粒组构力学模型,不仅可用于模拟卸粮成拱机理模拟,而且对于模拟散颗粒流动特性、散体-仓壁相互作用机理都具有一定借鉴意义。  相似文献