A comparison of RNA concentrations and ornithine decarboxylase activity in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) muscle tissue,with respect to specific growth rates and diel variations     

Steven K.A Arndt  Tillmann J. Benfey  Richard A. Cunjak 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1994,13(6):463-471

RNA concentrations and enzyme activities are often used as indices of recent growth in fish, but few studies have used both methods to assess the same fish. This study measured RNA concentrations and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity in muscle tissue of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to compare their usefulness for reflecting specific growth rates, and to determine whether either growth index was influenced by diel variations or time of feeding. Three groups (n = 54 in total) were fed 1.5% of body weight in commercial pellets in four feedings per day. One group was fed only in the morning (0830–1230h), one in the afternoon (1430–1830h), and one in the morning and afternoon (0830–1830h). At the end of ten days, fish were sampled at three times (0130h, 1030h, 1630h) over a single 24h period. Correlations to specific growth rate were slightly higher for RNA concentrations than for ODC activity, but both were highly significant. RNA and ODC activity were also correlated to each other. These results suggest that RNA concentration and ODC activity, taken together, can be used to monitor changes in both the numbers and activity of ribosomes. For RNA concentrations, there was no evidence of an effect of diel variations or the time of feeding. For ODC activity, a significant diel effect (all feed schedules combined) was detected if one non-growing fish was excluded from the analysis; activity of the enzyme was slightly higher in the sample taken at night (0130h) than in the two daytime samples. Contribution no. 8, Catamaran Brook Habitat Research Project  相似文献   

周期性变动饲粮蛋白质水平对内蒙古白绒山羊内源尿素氮循环和微生物蛋白质合成的影响     

樊艳华  孙海洲  桑丹  李胜利  张春华  珊丹 《动物营养学报》2014,(12):3666-3675

本试验旨在探讨周期性变动饲粮蛋白质水平对内蒙古白绒山羊内源尿素氮循环和微生物蛋白质合成的影响。饲粮分为低(7.5%)、中(10.5%)和高(13.5%)3个蛋白质水平。选用9只体况良好,体重为(45.63±3.15)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,采用单因子随机区组试验设计分为3组,即中蛋白质饲粮组(对照组)、变动低蛋白质饲粮组(2 d低蛋白质饲粮—2 d高蛋白质饲粮,循环饲喂)、变动高蛋白质饲粮组(2 d高蛋白质饲粮—2 d低蛋白质饲粮,循环饲喂)。预试期16 d,正试期12 d。通过全收粪尿法、嘌呤衍生物法和同位素灌注法测定山羊氮代谢、内源尿素氮循环以及微生物蛋白质合成的变化。结果表明:1)中蛋白质饲粮组与变动蛋白质饲粮组比较,瘤胃液氨氮(NH3-N)浓度显著增加(P<0.05),粪氮、尿氮排出量显著增加(P<0.05),沉积氮/摄入氮显著降低(P<0.05),尿中嘌呤衍生物排出量和微生物蛋白质合成的量显著降低(P<0.05);2)变动低蛋白质饲粮组与变动高蛋白质饲粮组比较,瘤胃液NH3-N浓度显著降低(P<0.05);3)周期性变动饲粮蛋白质水平后,进入胃肠道的尿素氮/肝脏合成的内源尿素氮显著增加(P<0.05),进入尿中的尿素氮/肝脏合成的内源尿素氮显著减少(P<0.05),返回鸟氨酸循环的尿素氮/进入胃肠道的尿素氮显著减少(P<0.05),用于再合成的尿素氮/进入胃肠道的尿素氮显著增加(P<0.05)。综上所述,周期性变动饲粮蛋白质水平有利于提高内蒙古白绒山羊氮利用率和微生物蛋白质合成量。  相似文献   

家蚕滞育机理研究进展     

刘玫静  童晓玲  张高军 《蚕学通讯》2014,(4):23-31

滞育是昆虫适应环境的重要生理特性,家蚕的滞育还与其经济性状有着密切关系,相关生物学问题一直是研究热点。家蚕滞育发生于胚胎早期,为卵滞育型,受遗传和环境的共同支配。家蚕二化性品系卵的滞育性由亲代卵期即胚胎发育时期所处的环境条件决定。本文就近年对家蚕滞育及解除过程中生理生化机制、分子机制和遗传机制方面的有关研究进展进行了综述,包括滞育过程中涉及的色素、酯酶A4、多巴胺、氧化循环过程的物质变化,二甲亚砜对解除家蚕滞育的影响以及滞育激素作用过程中瞬时受体电位通道亚家族成员对家蚕滞育非遗传多型性的分子调控机制的最新研究成果。  相似文献   

Fast growth, protein turnover and costs of protein metabolism in yolk-sac larvae of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)     

L.E.C. Conceição  D.F. Houlihan  J.A.J. Verreth 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1997,16(4):291-302

In fish larvae the costs of rapid growth may be accommodated by a decrease in the rate of protein turnover or by a reduction in the costs of protein synthesis. Protein growth, synthesis and degradation were measured in yolk-sac larvae of Clarias gariepinus and the costs of protein synthesis and protein growth were estimated. Growth rates were over 100% protein weight day^-1. Protein synthesis retention efficiency (retained protein per unit of synthesis) was estimated to be 69.6%, a value comparable to that of larger fish. The larvae used 43% of their oxygen consumption for protein synthesis. Nevertheless, protein synthesis costs were close to theoretical minima. Therefore, the high growth rates of catfish yolk-sac larvae seem to be possible through minimisation of the costs of protein synthesis. These low costs are associated with high rates of protein synthesis (138%protein weight day^-1), and elevated RNA concentrations (107 µg RNA mg^-1protein), which together suggest very high RNA efficiencies (12.9 g protein synthesized g^-1RNA day^-1).  相似文献   

The effects of elevated winter temperature and sub-lethal pollutants (low pH, elevated ammonia) on protein turnover in the gill and liver of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)     

I.J. Morgan  L.M. D-Cruz  J.J. Dockray  T.K. Linton  D.G. McDonald  C.M. Wood 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1998,19(4):377-389

Appetite, growth, and protein turnover (synthesis, growth and degradation) of liver and gills were measured in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed to satiation, and exposed for 90 days to elevated winter temperatures (+2 °C above ambient) and either low pH (5.2) in softwater or 70 M total ammonia (TAmm) in hardwater. All fish increased in weight during the experiments, but those exposed to +2°C grew significantly more than those at ambient temperature due to a stimulation of appetite. During the relatively constant temperature of the first 75 days, +2 °C caused a significant increase in the rates of protein synthesis and degradation in the liver of hardwater-acclimated fish, as a result of an increase in RNA translational efficiency (KRNA). The elevated temperature also induced an increase in gill protein synthesis in softwater-acclimated fish but in this case the underlying mechanism was an increase in Cs, the capacity for protein synthesis (RNA:protein) rather than in KRNA. The addition of 70 M TAmm had no effect on protein turnover in either liver or gills of hardwater-acclimated fish. Low pH inhibited protein growth in the liver of softwater-acclimated fish at day 90 under both temperature regimes. This inhibition was effected via a decrease in protein synthesis at control temperature but via an increase in protein degradation when the fish were exposed to both low pH and +2 °C. From these results we conclude that a simulated global warming scenario has potentially beneficial rather than detrimental effects on protein turnover and growth of freshwater fish during winter.  相似文献   

Minimising aerobic respiratory demands could form the basis to sub-lethal copper tolerance by rainbow trout gill epithelial cells in vitro     

Richard W. Smith  Maria Jönsson  Dominic F. Houlihan  Peter Pärt 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2001,24(2):157-169

Mechanisms of Cu tolerance were investigated in respiratory epithelial cell cultures, from rainbow trout gills, by studying O₂ consumption and protein synthesis rates, intracellular Na concentration and TER. The lowest concentration found to reduce O₂ consumption was 25 M Cu. This did not affect either protein synthesis rate or intracellular Na concentration and was interpreted in terms of copper tolerance; i.e., how these two energetically demanding processes are maintained despite a reduction in aerobic ATP supply. The relationship between protein synthesis rate and synthesis cost is exponential and the cost of protein synthesis in gill cells was found to be minimal (i.e., this cell occupies a position on the asymptotic section of the protein synthesis rate/synthesis cost model) and unaffected by 25 M Cu. Thus protein synthesis rates could be maintained since any reduction would represent an insignificant energy saving. Intracellular Na concentrations and O₂ consumption rates were linearly correlated suggesting reducing intracellular maintenance costs would have a greater significance in terms of overall energetic conservation. Intracellular Na maintenance costs, calculated from O₂ consumption rates and intracellular Na concentrations, were found to decline after exposure to 25 M Cu. Since TER was unaffected this implied the reduced costs arose from membrane `channel arrest'. Thus the Na/K ATPase energy demands, associated with maintaining intracellular Na concentration, could be reduced by decoupling metabolic demand and membrane function. Therefore this study may demonstrate how the flexibility of cellular energetics enables gill epithelial cells to tolerate sub-lethal Cu.  相似文献   

Tanjungides A and B: New Antitumoral Bromoindole Derived Compounds from Diazona cf formosa. Isolation and Total Synthesis     

Carmen Murcia  Laura Coello  Rogelio Fernández  María Jesús Martín  Fernando Reyes  Andrés Francesch  Simon Munt  Carmen Cuevas 《Marine drugs》2014,12(2):1116-1130

Tanjungides A (1) (Z isomer) and B (2) (E isomer), two novel dibrominated indole enamides, have been isolated from the tunicate Diazona cf formosa. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods including HRMS, and extensive 1D and 2D NMR. The stereochemistry of the cyclised cystine present in both compounds was determined by Marfey’s analysis after chemical degradation and hydrolysis. We also report the first total synthesis of these compounds using methyl 1H-indole-3-carboxylate as starting material and a linear sequence of 11 chemical steps. Tanjungides A and B exhibit significant cytotoxicity against human tumor cell lines.  相似文献   

Chemistry and Biology of Bengamides and Bengazoles,Bioactive Natural Products from Jaspis Sponges     

Cristina García-Ruiz  Francisco Sarabia 《Marine drugs》2014,12(3):1580-1622

Sponges corresponding to the Jaspidae family have proved to be a prolific source of bioactive natural products. Among these, the bengamides and the bengazoles stand out by virtue of their unprecedented molecular architectures and impressive biological profiles, including antitumor, antibiotic and anthelmintic properties. As a consequence, intense research activity has been devoted to these compounds from both chemical and biological standpoints. This review describes in detail the research into these classes of natural products and the benefits they offer in chemistry and biology.  相似文献   

Synthetic Biology and Metabolic Engineering for Marine Carotenoids: New Opportunities and Future Prospects     

Chonglong Wang  Jung-Hun Kim  Seon-Won Kim 《Marine drugs》2014,12(9):4810-4832

Carotenoids are a class of diverse pigments with important biological roles such as light capture and antioxidative activities. Many novel carotenoids have been isolated from marine organisms to date and have shown various utilizations as nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. In this review, we summarize the pathways and enzymes of carotenoid synthesis and discuss various modifications of marine carotenoids. The advances in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology for carotenoid production are also reviewed, in hopes that this review will promote the exploration of marine carotenoid for their utilizations.  相似文献   

低温胁迫下冬小麦JA合成相关基因的研究     

邢津溥  赵欣  梁佳文  苍晶  张达 《麦类作物学报》2022,(1):17-25

植物激素JA在植物响应低温胁迫中发挥重要的作用。本课题组前期研究发现,东农冬麦1号(Dn1)的强抗寒性与JA信号转导有关,为了探讨Dn1抗寒性的提高是否与内源JA合成基因的表达有关,以Dn1为试验材料,外施MeJA处理,对不同温度胁迫下JA合成基因(TaLOX1、TaLOX2、TaLOX3、TaAOS、TaAOC、TaOPR2、TaLOX2A、TaLOX2B和TaLOX2D)的表达量进行实时荧光定量分析,并结合生物信息学分析对TaLOX2A、TaLOX2B和TaLOX2D蛋白功能进行预测。结果表明,低温胁迫提高了Dn1分蘖节中TaLOX1、TaLOX3、TaAOC和TaOPR2的相对表达量,在-10℃表达量达到最大值;外源MeJA处理显著提高了0℃下分蘖节中TaLOX1、TaLOX2、TaLOX3、TaAOS、TaAOC的相对表达量;TaLOX2A、TaLOX2B和TaLOX2D基因均位于小麦5号染色体上,编码的蛋白均定位于细胞质中,属无规则卷曲蛋白,结构相似,保守结构域相同,蛋白功能相同或相似。本研究为进一步揭示JA合成基因在冬小麦响应抗寒中的作用奠定了基础。  相似文献