Effects of green manure herbage management and its digestate from biogas production on barley yield,N recovery,soil structure and earthworm populations     

《European Journal of Agronomy》2014

In repeatedly mown and mulched green manure leys, the mulched herbage contains substantial amounts of nitrogen (N), which may only slightly contribute to the following crops’ nutrient demand. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of alternative strategies for green manure management on the yield and N recovery of a subsequent spring barley crop, and their short term effects on soil structure and earthworm populations. A field trial was run from 2008 to 2011 at four sites with contrasting soils under cold climate conditions. We compared several options for on-site herbage management and the application of anaerobically digested green manure herbage. Depending on the site, removal of green manure herbage reduced the barley grain yield by 0% to 33% compared to leaving it on-site. Applying digestate, containing 45% of the N in harvested herbage, as fertilizer for barley gave the same yields as when all herbage was mulched the preceding season. Overall, the apparent N recovery was enhanced from 7% when all herbage was mulched, to 16% when returned as digestate. A positive effect on earthworm density and biomass was seen after one season of retaining mulch material, rather than removing it. Digestate did not affect the earthworm population, but contributed to higher soil aggregate stability. In conclusion, for spring barley production after green manure ley, the digestate strategy increased N recovery and reduced the risk of N losses. The yield of the succeeding barley crop yield was reduced when N in herbage was not returned as mulch or digestate.  相似文献   

Factors affecting soil microbial community structure in tomato cropping systems     

Jeffrey S. Buyer  John R. Teasdale  Inga A. Zasada  Jude E. Maul 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2010,42(5):831-841

Soil and rhizosphere microbial communities in agroecosystems may be affected by soil, climate, plant species, and management. The management and environmental factors controlling microbial biomass and community structure were identified in a three-year field experiment. The experiment consisted of a tomato production agroecosystem with the following nine treatments: bare soil, black polyethylene mulch, white polyethylene mulch, vetch cover crop, vetch roots only, vetch shoots only, rye cover crop, rye roots only, and rye shoots only. The following hypotheses were tested: (1) Temperature and moisture differences between polyethylene-covered and cover-cropped treatments are partly responsible for treatment effects on soil microbial community composition, and (2) Different species of cover crops have unique root and shoot effects on soil microbial community composition. Microbial biomass and community composition were measured by phospholipid fatty acid analysis. Microbial biomass was increased by all cover crop treatments, including root only and shoot only. Cover cropping increased the absolute amount of all microbial groups, but Gram-positive bacteria decreased in proportion under cover crops. We attribute this decrease to increased readily available carbon under cover-cropped treatments, which favored other groups over Gram-positive bacteria. Higher soil temperatures under certain treatments also increased the proportion of Gram-positive bacteria. Vetch shoots increased the amount and proportion of Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the rhizosphere of tomato plants. The imposed treatments were much more significant than soil temperature, moisture, pH, and texture in controlling microbial biomass and community structure.  相似文献   

膜下滴灌对棉花根际土壤环境的影响研究   总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17  

胡晓棠  李明思 《中国生态农业学报》2003,11(3):121-123

试验研究田间膜下滴灌棉花根际土壤的水、热、气变化表明,覆膜滴灌使土壤增温,膜下滴灌使根系浅层土壤含水量高于深层土壤含水量,加剧棉花根系浅层水平的分布使田间土壤干、湿间隔排列,有利于膜下土壤气体交换。棉田膜下滴灌技术节约灌溉水40％～50％,且使棉花增产20％左右。  相似文献   

Tillage and application effects on herbicide leaching and runoff     

D. W. Watts  J. K. Hall 《Soil & Tillage Research》1996,39(3-4):241-257

Herbicides are key products in sustaining agricultural production and, to minimize agro-environmental concerns regarding their use, continued assessment of their behavior under different management practices is required. Leaching and runoff losses of four herbicides applied preplant-incorporated (PPI) were evaluated in two tillage systems over a 3-year period (1989–1991). Scant leaching during the droughty 1991 growing season limited treatment evaluations to 2 years. Herbicides were applied at recommended rates (1.7 and 2.2 kg active ingredient (a.i.) ha⁻¹) to conventional tillage (CT) and mulch tillage (MT) corn (Zea mays L.) fields on Hagerstown silty clay loam (fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalf). Tillage treatments were defined as moldboard plow-disk-harrow (CT) and single-disking (MT). During this study, CT followed 5 years of corn production in a comparable CT system on this site and, similarly, MT followed a 5-year no-tillage (NT) system. Herbicides were applied preemergence (PRE) to CT and NT in the 5-year study and preplant-incorporated (PPI) in this study. Herbicide mobility in subsurface drainage was evaluated from herbicide mass transported to pan lysimeters installed 1.2 m deep. Surface drainage losses of these chemicals were determined from residues in runoff collected with automated sampling and recording equipment.

Leachate volumes were greater from MT than CT in 1989 and 1990 and exceeded all seasonal losses during the previous 5 years under NT management. Comparisons of total seasonal leachate discharged to pan lysimeters within and among studies and herbicide mass leached showed that timing of leachate-inducing precipitation relative to herbicide application was the key factor in regulating herbicide translocation. Herbicide mass transported through the root zone averaged from less than 0.1% to 0.9% of applied rates in CT and from 1.4% to 5.1% in MT.

Leachate-availability of herbicide residues and extent of herbicide longevity in this soil under MT conditions were similar to previous findings under NT management. Despite these behavioral similarities for herbicides among tillages, herbicide mass discharged per unit of percolate was most often lower for MT compared with NT, particularly in early growing seasons of comparable precipitation. Thus, the PPI treatment in MT appeared to reduce leaching of these chemicals compared with PRE application in NT.

Runoff losses of PPI herbicides ranged from 0.35% to 0.77% of applied rates in CT and from 0.13% to 0.28% in MT. Losses of PRE-applied herbicides from NT averaged less than 0.1% of applied rates; maximum yearly losses ranged from 0.06% to 0.18%. Thus, the character of the disked, minimally tilled surface provided a level of impedance to runoff that was greater than achieved with the tilled surface on this 3 to 5% slope, but less than previously obtained with an untilled, mulch-covered surface.  相似文献   

地面覆盖应用与研究的现状及发展方向   总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14  

隋红建  曾德超 《农业工程学报》1990,6(4):26-34

本文对各种地面覆盖材料在作物栽培中应用与研究的历史和现状进行了回顾、讨论和分析,得出了以下结论:覆盖材料对作物效应的研究,关键在于弄清不同覆盖材料及不同覆盖工艺对光及土壤水、热、盐运移的影响规律。在此基础上,针对当地主要矛盾,开发提温节水防盐保土、有利于作物生长发育、抑制地面杂草和病虫害、改进土壤结构、促进有机质积累或分解的覆盖技术及相应的工程措施,包括新的可再生、可降解、无污染的覆盖材料的开发。  相似文献   

Are decomposition and N release from organic mulches determined mainly by their chemical composition?     

César Valenzuela-Solano 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2006,38(2):377-384

The influence of chemical composition on the decomposition and N release rates from samples of 11 organic mulches enclosed in nylon mesh bags was assessed under field conditions at the University of California, Riverside. Time was adjusted by temperature and the cumulative temperature-adjusted days (tad) were used to model the pattern of the decay and N release. The chemical composition of the mulches significantly affected their decay. In descending order of significance, the concentration of the polar extractable carbon fraction (C_P) and the acid insoluble fraction (C_AI) were significantly correlated with decomposition during the year of study. Correlation was positive with C_P and N and negative with C_AI (mostly lignin). The C_P was selected as the best predictor for mulch decomposition during the early and intermediate phases of this process (36 and 195 tad), but C_AI was selected as the best variable for predicting the fraction of the initial mulch mass remaining at the end of the study (397 tad). N was immobilized, as indicated by temporary increases in N masses in mulches above initial conditions, in shredded redwood, pine trimmings and in two of three compost mulches. Immobilization was most pronounced during the first 36 tad of the study, with a maximum rate that varied from 6 to 11.5% above the initial N concentrations. At the end of the study N releases ranged from 97% of initial N (grass clippings) to only 8% (one of the composts.) The C_P was selected as the best predictor for N remaining in the four sampling dates (397 tad) and explained from 52 to 68% of the variation in N release as a percentage of initial N content.  相似文献   

Effects of different mulches and irrigation methods on root growth,nutrient uptake,water-use efficiency and yield of strawberry     

Sushil Kumar  P. Dey 《Scientia Horticulturae》2011

Field studies were conducted for two consecutive years under sub-temperate climatic conditions at Nauni in district Solan of Himachal Pradesh (30°52′N, 77°11′E 1175 asl) on loamy sand Inceptisols to investigate the effect of different mulches (hay: HM, black polyethylene: BP) on root growth, nutrient uptake, water-use efficiency (WUE) and yield of strawberry cv. Chandler under drip (DI) and surface irrigation (SI) systems. Unmulch (UM) and rainfed treatments were kept as control. Higher soil moisture content was registered under both the mulch materials during entire crop growth period. However, it was greater under BP mulch as compare to HM. The moisture conservation increased by 2.80–12.80% under BP mulch as compared to UM. HM treatment, irrespective of irrigation method increased the minimum soil temperature (2.8–5.2 °C) and reduced the maximum soil temperature (2.7–5.8 °C) as compared to UM. BP mulch increased the minimum soil temperature from 0.4 to 2.5 °C. Application of irrigation moderated the soil (minimum 2.6 and maximum 1.4 °C) temperature. Both the mulch materials were effective in enhancing root growth, nutrient uptake, WUE and yield. Application of mulch enhanced the root growth (63%), nutrient uptake (179.20%), WUE (84.40%) and yield (343%) under DI. However, respective increase under SI was 23.60, 83.80, 109.40 and 219.20%. Under DI, 51% of irrigation water was saved and about 19% higher fruit yield was obtained as compared with SI treatment. Linear regression model could significantly describe the variations in nutrient uptake (N, P and K) and WUE of strawberry under sub-temperate climatic conditions, root mass density was better indicator for estimating nutrient uptake of strawberry.  相似文献   

不同覆盖方式对植烟土壤温度和水分及烤烟品质的影响     

李正风  张晓海  刘勇  吴伯志  夏玉珍  杨清辉 《勤云标准版测试》2006,(11)

不同覆盖方式的比较试验结果表明,秸秆与地膜双覆盖能够协调烤烟生长全过程的土壤温度,并且地温日变化幅度小,蓄水保墒作用显著。秸秆单覆盖对土壤性状改良与秸秆和地膜双覆盖相似,烟叶内在化学成分较协调,品质较高,但由于在烤烟生长前期不能提高土壤温度,使得烟叶生长速度较慢,产量下降;地膜单覆盖对土壤性状改良不及秸秆单覆盖和秸秆与地膜双覆盖,秸秆和地膜双覆盖使0￣20cm土层含水量平均比露地栽培提高16.82%,比秸秆单覆盖提高6.45%,比地膜单覆盖提高5.43%,而且烟叶成分较协调,产量与产值也较高。  相似文献   

宁夏冷凉易旱区引种油菜及优化栽培技术研究     

惠开基  周涛 《中国油料作物学报》1997,(3)

从青海、甘肃、陕西引进4个春油菜品种均适宜本区种植，比当地胡麻产量增加17．5％～31．3％，且有耐旱、耐瘠薄、抗倒伙、抗松鼠危害。通过异地引种品比、氮磷配比、地膜栽培、间作套种等试验，结果表明：适宜的当家品种为陇油2号，经济合理施肥是在施土杂肥30000kg／hm2的基础上施纯氮和五氧化二磷各60kg／hm2，地膜覆盖比露地油菜平均增产33．4％，蚕豆套作油菜优于春小麦套作油菜。  相似文献   

土壤覆盖提高越橘抗氧化成分含量效应与抗氧化能力分析     

张慧琴  吴慧  肖金平  马常念  张琛  谢鸣 《果树学报》2013,(1):121-126

【目的】为了探明土壤覆盖对越橘果实抗氧化成分含量和抗氧化能力的影响,【方法】以南高丛越橘品种‘奥尼尔’(O'Neal)和兔眼越橘品种‘杰兔’(Premier)为试材,设置透湿性反光膜、秸秆和对照3种处理,测定越橘整个发育期间果实花青苷、总酚、类黄酮的含量和抗氧化活性变化。【结果】结果表明,透湿性反光膜覆盖处理可显著提高果实花色苷含量,其中‘奥尼尔’品种果实总花色苷含量分别高于对照和秸秆覆盖处理20%和9%,‘杰兔’品种总花色苷含量分别高于对照和秸秆覆盖处理29%和19.6%。‘杰兔’果实的总酚和类黄酮含量均高于‘奥尼尔’,而透湿性反光膜和秸秆覆盖处理的2个品种的总酚和类黄酮含量均高于对照。果实抗氧化能力检测采用TEAC、FRAP和DPPH3种方法,其测定结果一致。透湿性反光膜覆盖处理的果实抗氧化能力最强,秸秆处理的果实抗氧化能力大于对照,其中透湿性反光膜处理的‘奥尼尔’果实DPPH值高于对照3%,而秸秆处理略高于对照;‘杰兔’果实全蓝时,透湿性反光膜、秸秆处理的DPPH值、TEAC值都高于对照,而FRAP值分别高于对照21%和12%。【结论】土壤覆盖可有效提高越橘果实抗氧化活性成分含量和抗氧化能力。  相似文献