Root tensile strength of three shrub species: Rosa canina, Cotoneaster dammeri and Juniperus horizontalis: Soil reinforcement estimation by laboratory tests     

E. Comino  P. Marengo 《CATENA》2010

The presence of vegetation increases soil burden stability along slopes and therefore reduces soil erosion. The contribution of the vegetation is due to mechanical (reinforcing soil shear resistance) and hydrologic controls on stream banks and superficial landslides. This study focused on the biotechnical characteristics of the root system of three shrub species: Rosa canina (L.), Cotoneaster dammeri (C.K. Schneid) and Juniperus horizontalis (Moench). The aim of this paper is to increase our understanding on root biomechanical properties of shrubs species and their contribution to soil reinforcement. The considered shrubs grew up in wood containers, exposed to natural conditions in a village near Asti (Northern Italy) for 2 years. Laboratory tests were conducted to measure the ultimate root tensile strength and to estimate the root density distribution with depth (root area ratio), in order to quantify the soil mechanical reinforcement. Root tensile strength measurements were carried out on single root specimens and root area ratio was estimated analyzing the whole root system. The improvement of soil mechanical properties obtained by the presence of shrubs was estimated using two different models. The first model, based on a simple force equilibrium model, considers that the tensile strength of all roots crossing the shear plane is fully mobilized. This classical approach is implemented by the Fiber Bundle Model concept, to account for non-simultaneous root breaking. C. dammeri roots presented the highest tensile strength and soil reinforcement values, while R. canina and J. horizontalis were characterized by lower values. Similarly at each considered depth C. dammeri showed the highest soil reinforcement effect.  相似文献   

土壤改良剂对燕麦土壤理化性状及微生物量碳的影响   总被引：11，自引：1，他引：11  

刘慧军  刘景辉  于健  徐胜涛  史吉刚 《水土保持学报》2012,26(5):68-72,77

采用聚丙烯酸钾、聚丙烯酰胺、腐殖酸钾、聚丙烯酸钾+腐殖酸钾和聚丙烯酰胺+腐殖酸钾复配5种土壤改良剂,研究其对燕麦土壤理化性状及微生物量碳的影响。结果表明,不同土壤改良剂均能提高土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,各指标分别比对照增加了8.24%～30.22%,7.60%～19.29%,5.15%～29.45%和27.86%～68.86%;各土壤改良剂处理0-60cm各土层土壤容重均有不同程度的降低,其中,聚丙烯酸钾+腐殖酸钾均降低幅度最大,各处理间差异不显著;各土壤改良剂均能显著提高0-10cm,10-20cm和20-40cm各土层>0.25mm团聚体含量,其中>2mm和2～1mm土壤团粒结构增幅较大,聚丙烯酸钾+腐殖酸钾和聚丙烯酰胺+腐殖酸钾复配处理显著高于单施处理;土壤改良剂能促使燕麦全生育期内0-10cm,10-20cm和20-40cm各土层的土壤微生物量碳含量显著提高,复配较单施效果显著,随着土壤深度增加土壤微生物量碳逐层递减;各土壤改良剂处理籽粒产量和生物产量均显著高于对照,其中聚丙烯酸钾+腐殖酸钾和聚丙烯酰胺+腐殖酸钾籽粒产量较其他处理高,分别为4 694.2kg/hm2和4 566.9kg/hm2,较对照增产21.66%和18.36%,两处理生物产量也表现较佳。  相似文献   

耕作方式对稻-油轮作系统土壤理化性质及重金属有效性的影响   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6  

崔孝强  阮震  刘丹  赵秀兰 《水土保持学报》2012,26(5):73-77

为探明不同耕作方式下稻-油轮作系统中土壤重金属有效性的变化规律,测定了21年长期定位试验稻-油轮作系统中土壤及其剖面的主要理化性质和重金属有效含量,分析了二者间的关系。结果表明,与翻耕相比,垄作免耕使各土层土壤有机质含量和阳离子交换量显著提高,并具有明显的表层聚集现象,土壤pH值明显降低。耕层土壤Cd、Cu和Zn有效量以垄作免耕处理最高,土壤Pb的有效量则以常规平作处理最高,不同耕作方式下,土壤有效Cd和Pb出现表聚现象,但有效Zn和Cu随土壤深度的变化无明显规律。相关分析表明,土壤有机质含量与土壤Cd、Zn有效量呈极显著正相关关系,与土壤Pb、Cu有效量呈显著正相关,土壤pH值与土壤Pb有效量呈显著正相关,而土壤阳离子交换量与4种重金属有效量间的相关性不显著。由此推测,耕作方式主要是通过影响土壤有机质含量而影响重金属元素的有效性,垄作免耕较翻耕在改良土壤理化性质上有较大优势,却使0-20cm和20-40cm土层重金属有效量显著增加,表现出明显的表层富集趋势。  相似文献   

滇池流域农田土壤氮素流失影响因子研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张燕  王自林  李永梅  张怀志  张维理 《土壤通报》2012,(4):916-922

本试验采用田间原位模拟降雨并结合多元线性回归(逐步)的统计分析方法,分别在滇池流域的6个点位研究了旱季和雨季农田土壤的理化性质与氮素流失的关系。结果表明:各点位进行的模拟降雨的产流起始时间、产流历时和平均出水速度,在径流和渗漏两种流失方式下差异显著;两次径流试验中,质地为砂质黏壤土的C-2点(大渔乡元宝村)的初始产流强度和平均产流强度均最大。渗漏是氮素流失的主要方式,流失的形态主要是与NO3--N为主。土壤的孔隙度与降雨平均入渗率呈显著正相关,与径流中总氮(TN)和铵态氮(NH4+-N)的流失量呈负相关。0～20 cm的土壤硝态氮含量与地表径流和渗漏中总氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO3--N)的流失量呈极显著的正相关,是影响氮素流失的最重要因子,且0～20 cm土壤有机质含量与氮素的流失量呈正相关,土壤pH、5～20 cm的土壤含水量均与TN及NO3--N的流失量呈负相关。0～5 cm土壤铵态氮与NH4+-N的流失量呈正相关。  相似文献   

Biomass and Phosphorus Uptake Responses of Maize to Phosphorus Application in Three Acid Soils from Southern Cameroon     

《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(9-10):1546-1558

Abstract

A phosphorus (P) greenhouse experiment was carried out with maize (Zea Mays L.) using surface horizons of three contrasted acid soils from southern Cameroon. The objectives were (i) to assess causal factors of maize differential growth and P uptake and (ii) to explore plant–soil interactions in acid soils under increasing P supply. Shoot and root dry‐matter yield and P uptake were significantly influenced by soil type and P rate (P<0.000), but the interaction was not significant. Soil properties that significantly (P<0.05) influenced maize growth variables were available P, soil pH, exchangeable bases [calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg)], and exchangeable aluminium (Al). Data ordination through principal‐component analysis highlighted a four‐component model that accounted for 88.1% of total system variance (TSV) and summarized plant reaction in acid soil condition. The first component, associated with 36.1% of TSV, pointed at increasing root–shoot ratio with increasing soil acidity and exchangeable Al. The second component (24.6% of TSV) highlighted soil labile P pool increase as a function of P rate. The third and fourth components reflected nitrogen (N) accumulation in soils and soil texture variability, respectively.  相似文献   

Landscape and Land‐Use Effects on the Spatial Variation of Soil Chemical Properties     

《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(15-16):2389-2412

The current study addressed the spatial variation of soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), extractable phosphorus (EP), and extractable potassium (EK) in agricultural soils of a representative region, northeast China. Soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) and the effects of landscape attributes and land use were also investigated. The techniques used included conventional statistics, geostatistics, and geographic information systems (GIS). Our study demonstrated that EP had the greatest coefficient of variation (CV), and CEC had the least CV. The experimental semivariograms of the five soil chemical properties included in this study were all fitted with exponential models. The five soil variables all showed moderate spatial dependence. The SOM, EK, and CEC decreased with increasing altitude. Significant negative relationships were found between the slope gradient and EP, EK, and CEC. Relatively steeper slopes might result in greater soil erosion, which leads to a decline in soil nutrients. Soil types had significant impacts on all soil chemical properties, which reflect the effect of the parent soil material. In general, the mean values of soil variables for vegetable land were statistically greater than those for upland and paddy fields. After being divided into two parts along the Yinma River, soil samples of the western part have statistically greater SOM, EP, EK, and CEC values than those collected from the eastern part.  相似文献   

重金属锌对猪粪堆肥过程中氧化还原类酶活性的影响     

张卫娟  谷洁  高华  张洪宾  刘强  李海龙 《农业环境保护》2011,(2):383-388

以猪粪和秸秆为主要试验材料,添加不同浓度重金属Zn,采取发酵罐处理方法,在好氧高温条件下研究了重金属Zn对猪粪堆肥过程中多酚氧化酶、脱氢酶活性的变化,以及堆腐过程堆体温度、堆料pH值、胡敏酸E4/E6值的变化。结果表明：（1）低量重金属Zn处理（L）较不添加重金属Zn（CK）和添加高量重金属Zn（H）堆料升温快、温度高、高温持续时间长。（2）重金属Zn的加入对堆料的pH值影响不大,不是影响堆肥进程的直接原因。（3）H处理在整个堆肥过程中E4/E6值均高于L和CK,表明高浓度Zn处理抑制腐殖质的缩合和芳构化。（4）L处理的多酚氧化酶活性大多数时间高于H处理的活性,说明低量重金属Zn更好地促进了木质素的降解及其产物的转化。（5）从整个堆肥过程来看,3个不同处理的脱氢酶活性表现出一定的不稳定性,可能是重金属对脱氢酶活性有抑制作用的同时发生＂抗性酶活性＂现象。  相似文献   

不同抗性烤烟品种根际微生物数量及多样性差异研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

王戈  杨焕文  赵正雄  李佛琳  易建华 《植物营养与肥料学报》2012,18(2):451-458

以不同烤烟品种云85（高抗）、K326（中抗）、净叶黄（中感）和红花大金元（高感）为材料,通过平板菌落计数法和Biolog方法比较了不同烤烟品种不同生育时期以及接种黑胫病菌后根际可培养微生物数量及群落功能多样性差异。结果表明,不同品种根际细菌数量随生育进程先增加后减少,真菌刚好相反,且细菌和真菌趋势拐点均出现在现蕾期,放线菌变化不大;团棵期和旺长期细菌和放线菌数量与品种抗性正相关,真菌数量与品种抗性呈负相关。人工接种黑胫病菌条件下,抗病品种根际环境刺激了细菌生长,而相对抑制感病品种细菌生长,不同品种均促进了根际真菌和放线菌生长,且真菌数量与品种抗性负相关。Biolog功能多样性分析表明,不同品种碳源总体利用能力及功能多样性存在一定差异,团棵期和旺长期抗病品种AWCD值、Shannon指数和Mclntosh指数大于感病品种;接种降低了感病品种碳源总体利用能力及功能多样性。以上结果说明,不同品种微生物数量及群落多样性受生长发育和品种抗性影响,且抗性差异主要表现在烤烟现蕾以前;与黑胫病互作后根际微生物数量及群落多样性存在明显差异且与品种抗性密切相关。  相似文献   

黄山风景区步道土壤理化性质变化特征分析   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

韦大山  方凤满  杨仲元 《水土保持研究》2012,19(2):175-179

步道作为旅游景区重要的基础设施之一,是旅游活动冲击的主要对象,尤其以步道两侧土壤环境受影响最为显著。在黄山风景区内选择7条主要步道,设置14条调查样带,每条样带按照距游道远近依次选取5个连续样方,每个样方的面积设置为1 m×1m。在野外调查和实验室分析的基础上,采用多重比较等方法并建立土壤影响指数模型来探讨旅游活动对黄山风景区土壤环境的影响程度和规律。结果显示:旅游活动对土壤的硬度、pH值、有机质、全磷、全钾等因子的变化有显著的影响,其受影响范围主要集中在距步道4m内;由于游客访问比例不同,不同步道受影响的程度有明显差异,其中以玉屏景区和北海景区受影响较为严重,天海景区和西海景区次之,上山道和下山道受影响最小。  相似文献   

煤矿矿区不同采煤塌陷年限土壤物理性质对比研究   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

谢元贵  车家骧  孙文博  彭熙 《水土保持研究》2012,19(4):26-29

为揭示采煤塌陷对矿区土壤物理性质的影响机理,为矿区生态修复和重建提供理论依据,在选取典型样地的基础上,采用土壤测定方法,研究了不同塌陷年限不同土层土壤物理性质的变化。结果表明:随采煤塌陷年限的延长,矿区表层土壤密度逐渐增大,底层土壤密度先增大后减小;毛管孔隙度逐渐下降,非毛管孔隙度先下降后上升;表层土壤总孔隙度逐渐下降,底层土壤总孔隙度先下降后上升;土壤体积含水量和土壤贮水量先上升后下降,土壤质量含水量逐渐下降;表层土壤毛管持水量逐渐降低,底层土壤毛管持水量先下降后上升;表层土壤田间持水量逐渐降低,底层土壤田间持水量先下降后上升;土壤排水能力先下降后上升。  相似文献