Influence of repeated prescribed burning on the soil fungal community in an eastern Australian wet sclerophyll forest     

Brigitte A. Bastias  Tim Blumfield  John W.G. Cairney 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2006,38(12):3492-3501

A long-term prescribed burning experiment, incorporating replicated plots that receive burning biennially (2 yr burn) or quadrennially (4 yr burn) and unburned controls, has been maintained in a wet sclerophyll forest at Peachester, Queensland, Australia since 1972. In 2003 we extracted DNA from soil collected from the experimental plots and investigated the influence of the burning on the soil fungal community by comparing denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles of PCR-amplified partial rDNA internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1). Canonical analysis of principal coordinates (CAP) of the DGGE profiles of the upper 10 cm of the soil profile grouped the data strongly according to treatment, indicating that both burning regimes significantly altered fungal community structure compared to the unburned controls. In contrast, no obvious trend was observed for soil from a depth of 10-20 cm of the profile. Sequencing of selected DGGE bands found no obvious patterns of presence/absence of taxonomic groups between the treatments. Analysis of soil nitrogen and carbon by mass spectrometry indicated that total soil C and N, along with both gross and net N mineralisation, were significantly lower in 2 yr plots compared to control and 4 yr plots.  相似文献   

不同氮素形态及比例对烤烟长势、产量及部分品质因素的影响   总被引：54，自引：6，他引：54  

张延春  陈治锋  龙怀玉  罗春燕 《植物营养与肥料学报》2005,11(6):787-792

在湖南浏阳,运用田间小区试验研究了硝态氮、铵态氮比例(RN)对烤烟田间长势与产量以及部分品质因素的影响。结果表明:1)RN对烤烟的农艺性状、产量、产值、均价等没有明显影响,而对烤烟的等级结构、内在化学成分含量、氮、钾、氯的吸收量有着显著影响,可以用显著的二次多项式模型或直线相关方程描述产值、均价、上等烟产量、下等烟产量等经济性状以及烟碱、总氮、钾、还原糖、氯、淀粉、挥发碱等内在化学成分的含量与铵态氮份额之间的关系;2)RN为75%∶25%时,中上等烟比例、烟碱、总氮、钾、钾氯比、氮吸收量最高,挥发碱含量最低。RN为25%∶75%时,挥发碱含量最高,总氮、淀粉含量最低。100%铵态氮时,还原糖、氯含量、淀粉的含量最高,碱、钾、钾氯比最低,同时显著地降低烤烟的等级结构。100%硝态氮时,总氮、钾、氯在烟叶中的含量最低,吸收总量也最少,同时产量、产值、均价也处于最低水平;3)本试验的任何RN下,烟碱、总氮、钾、氯、淀粉的含量均符合优质烟叶要求,而还原糖相反。综合考虑经济效益、养分利用率和烟叶内在化学成分的协调性,整体上RN为54%∶46%～50%∶50%较好。  相似文献   

A comparison of two methods for the isolation of free and occluded particulate organic matter     

Angelika Klbl  Jens Leifeld  Ingrid Kgel‐Knabner 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2005,168(5):660-667

Various methods exist for the isolation of particulate organic matter (POM), one of the soil‐organic‐matter (SOM) fractions reacting most sensitive on land‐use or soil‐management changes. A combination of density separation and ultrasonic treatment allows to isolate two types of POM: (1) free POM and (2) POM occluded in soil aggregates. POM fractions are closely linked to their biochemical function for the formation and stabilization of aggregates, therefore methods using different aggregate sizes may result in different POM fractions isolated. We evaluated two physical fractionation procedures to reveal whether they yield different POM fractions with respect to amount and composition, using grassland and arable soils with sandy‐loam to sandy–clay‐loam texture and thus low macroaggregate stability. Method I used air‐dried aggregates of <2.0 mm size and a low‐energy sonication for aggregate disruption, method II used field‐moist aggregates <6.3 mm and a high‐energy–sonication procedure for aggregate disruption. POM fractions were analyzed by elemental analysis (C, N) and CPMAS ¹³C‐NMR spectroscopy. With both methods, about similar proportions of the SOM are isolated as free or occluded POM, respectively. The free‐ and occluded‐POM fractions obtained with method I are also rather similar in C and N concentration and composition as shown by ¹³C‐NMR spectroscopy. Method II isolates a free‐ and occluded‐POM fraction with significantly different C and N concentrations. NMR spectra revealed significant differences in the chemical composition of both fractions from method II, with the occluded POM having lower amounts of O‐alkyl C and higher amounts of aryl C and alkyl C than the free POM. Due to the use of larger, field‐moist aggregates with minimized sample pretreatment, two distinctly different POM fractions are isolated with method II, likely to be more closely linked to their biochemical function for the formation and stabilization of aggregates. High‐energy sonication as in method II also disrupts small microaggregates <63 µm and releases fine intraaggregate POM. This fraction seems to be a significant component of occluded POM, that allows a differentiation between free and occluded POM in sandy soils with significant microaggregation. It can be concluded, that microaggregation in arable soils with sandy texture is responsible for the storage of a more degraded occluded POM, that conversely supports the stabilization of fine microaggregates.  相似文献   

Structural studies on soil nitrogen by Curie-point pyrolysis — gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with nitrogen-selective detection     

H.-R. Schulten  C. Sorge  M. Schnitzer 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1995,20(3):174-184

Curie-point pyrolysis-gas chromatography mass spectrometry with N-selective detection was used to characterize the structure of organic N compounds in four mineral soils. The technique was found suitable for the fast, sensitive, and highly specific identification of N-containing pyrolysis products from whole soils with total N contents between 0.08 and 0.46%. In order to optimize the methodology, one agricultural soil was pyrolyzed at final temperatures of 573, 773, and 973 K. Almost no chemical alterations to identifiable pyrolysis products were observed when the final pyrolysis temperature was increased from 573 to 973 K. More than 50 N-containing pyrolysis products were identified, and were divided into compound classes chracterized by specific molecular-chemical structures. These included pyrroles, imidazoles, pyrazoles, pyridines, pyrimidines, pyrazines, indoles, quinolines, N derivatives of benzene, alkyl nitriles, and aliphatic amines. Three additional soil samples different in origin and N content were analyzed at 773 K and each showed a specific thermosensitive N-selective chromatogram. Many N-containing pyrolysis products were identified in all samples, which indicated general qualitative regularities in the thermal release of N-containing pyrolysis products from the four soils. In the pyrolyzates of the investigated soils a number of compounds were identified, which is usually not detectable in pyrolysis-gas chromatography spectrometry analyses with N-selective detection of plants and microorganisms. Among these were N derivatives of benzene and long-chain alkyl nitriles, which appear to be soil-specific and suggest significant transformations of organic N in soils. Thus, our results contribute to a better understanding of the molecular-chemical structure of unknown N.  相似文献   

黄土高原典型土壤有机氮矿化过程中非交换性铵态氮的变化   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李紫燕  李世清 《水土保持研究》2007,14(2):306-310,314

以黄土高原从北向南不同地区典型土壤类为对象，采用Bramner淹水培养法，研究黄土高原不同生境条件下土壤有机氮矿化过程中非交换性铵态氮的变化。结果表明：土壤非交换性NH4^＋ -N随Bremner法淹水培养时间延长，含量增加。不同土壤类型在培养20d时非交换性NH4^＋ -N的增加量存在显著差异（p=0．0229），而培养40d和60d时差异不显著（P分别为0．1379和0．1159）。培养期间非交换性NH4^＋ -N的增加量均表现为以土垫旱耕人为土最大，其次是黄土正常新成土，简育干润均腐土和干湿砂质新成土较小；添加有机物料极显著影响培养期间的非交换性NH4^＋ -N增加量（培养20d、40d和60d时P分别为0．0002，0．004和0．0003），表现为紫花苜蓿和长芒草土壤非交换性NH4^＋ -N的增加量均极显著高于不添加有机物料的对照土壤；在培养20d、40d和60d时，加（NH4）2SO4土样非交换性NH4^＋ -N的增加量显著大于不加（NH4）2SO4土样（户分别为0．0037，0．0033和0．0027），这是土壤对（NH4）2SO4中NH4^＋ -N固定的必然结果；不同植被类型土壤培养20d时的非交换性NH4^＋ -N增加量差异显著（P=0．0434），培养40d和60d时差异不显著（p分别为0．7378和0．5375）；长期秸秆和氮肥配施土壤非交换性NH4^＋ -N增加量大于不施肥对照土壤，但差异不显著土壤黏粒、全氮和有机质与培养0d、20d、40d和60d时土壤的非交换性NH4^＋ -N含量均呈极显著正相关；而非交换性NH4^＋ -N的增加量与粘粒无相关性，但与全氛和有机质呈显著正相关。  相似文献   

土壤裂缝产生过程中双氢胺对氮溶质运移的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

黄树辉  曾光辉 《水土保持学报》2006,20(3):25-27

模拟稻田土壤在淹水后加入不同量的（NH4）2SO4和双氢胺（DCD）抑制剂的溶液，让土壤自然变干，直至土壤产生裂缝到裂缝稳定的连续培养，在培养第10d后再给土柱复水的6种处理，每天监测各处理渗漏液中铵态氮、硝态氮和亚硝态氮的浓度变化。试验结果表明，肥料（NH4）2SO4和DCD的加入量是10：1．5和10：2时，即DCD和肥料（NH4）2SO4施用量的高比例能在裂缝产生过程时较好地抑制铵态氮硝化。整个培养过程没有获得DCD抑制剂对渗漏液中硝态氮和亚硝态氮的影响。裂缝稳定后的复水对渗漏液中的铵态氮没有影响，但是提高了渗漏液中的亚硝态氮和硝态氮的浓度。  相似文献   

基于水氮耦合的枸杞灌溉制度优化   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

马波  田军仓 《水土保持学报》2020,34(6):235-243

为明确一定养分条件下枸杞耗水量与产量的关系，于2014年和2015年采用2因素3水平对比试验设计，研究了枸杞耗水量与碱解氮消耗量耦合效应对产量的影响，通过回归的耦合模型对基于树种、树龄、碱解氮消耗量的枸杞灌溉制度进行了优化。结果表明：（1）相同施肥条件时，4年树龄时HW产量最高，为1 335.7 kg/hm²，MW产量次之，为1 174.2 kg/hm²，LW产量最低，为1 066.5 kg/hm²，5年树龄时HW产量为2 463.7 kg/hm²，MW产量最高，为2 556.1 kg/hm²，LW产量最低，为2 394.5 kg/hm²；（2）同一灌水水平条件下2年试验均表现出中施肥水平产量最高，高施肥水平产量次之，低施肥水平产量最低，4年树龄MF产量为2 758.0 kg/hm²，HF产量为2 595.5 kg/hm²，LF产量为2 407.0 kg/hm²，5年树龄MF产量为4 113.9 kg/hm²，HF产量为3 652.3 kg/hm²，LF产量为3 532.1 kg/hm²；（3）耗水量、碱解氮消耗量耦合效应显示，2014年产量随着耗水量的增加而增加，而产量随碱解氮消耗量增加呈"凸"形抛物线趋势变化，2015年产量随耗水量、碱解氮消耗量增加均呈"凸"形抛物线趋势变化。（4）灌溉制度优化发现1年树龄总ET_a为166.0~198.8 mm，2年树龄总ET_a为194.7~252.5 mm，3年树龄总ET_a为196.6~227.2 mm，4年树龄总ET_a为173.5~221.6 mm，5年树龄总ET_a为179.3~196.6 mm。研究结果可为1~5年树龄"宁杞1号"枸杞获得理想的产量提供灌溉制度优化参考。  相似文献   

Increased plant density with reduced nitrogen input can improve nitrogen use efficiency in winter wheat while maintaining grain yield     

Shuxin Dong  Juan Zhang  Ting Zha 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2020,66(12):1707-1720

ABSTRACT

Plant density and nitrogen (N) input level have notable effects on root development, distribution in the soil profile, and in turn, N-uptake of winter wheat. Our study objectives were to identify whether a high yield can be maintained with a reduced N input by increasing plant density. Field studies were conducted during four successive seasons (2014–2015, 2015–2016, 2016–2017, and 2017–2018) using a widely planted cultivar, Tainong18. Two regimes of N fertilization (180 kg ha^?1 and 240 kg ha^?1) and three planting densities (135, 270, and 405 plants per m²) were used. Higher plant density led to increased root length density (RLD) and enhanced N uptake from the whole soil profile. The RLD in the soil profile at 0–1.2 m, 0–0.4 m, and 0.4–0.8 m decreased while in the 0.8–1.2 m layer it increased in response to reduced N input. The combined effects of higher plant density and lower N input resulted in reduced N uptake, a lower nitrogen nutrition index (NNI), unchanged grain yield, and improved N use efficiency. In conclusion, it is possible and sustainable to maintain a high wheat yield with reduced N input by increasing plant density.  相似文献   

Subsoil retention of organic and inorganic nitrogen in a Brazilian savanna Oxisol   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

J. Lehmann  J. Lilienfein  K. Rebel  S. do  Carmo Lima W. Wilcke 《Soil Use and Management》2004,20(2):163-172

Abstract. Nitrogen (N) loss by leaching poses great challenges for N availability to crops as well as nitrate pollution of groundwater. Few studies address this issue with respect to the role of the subsoil in the deep and highly weathered savanna soils of the tropics, which exhibit different adsorption and drainage patterns to soils in temperate environments. In an Anionic Acrustox of the Brazilian savanna, the Cerrado, dynamics and budgets of applied N were studied in organic and inorganic soil pools of two maize (Zea mays L.) – soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) rotations using ¹⁵N tracing. Labelled ammonium sulphate was applied at 10 kg N ha^?1 (with 10 atom%¹⁵N excess) to both maize and soybean at the beginning of the cropping season. Amounts and isotopic composition of N were determined in above‐ground biomass, soil, adsorbed mineral N, and in soil solution at 0.15, 0.3, 0.8, 1.2 and 2 m depths using suction lysimeters throughout one cropping season. The applied ammonium was rapidly nitrified or immobilized in soil organic matter, and recovery of applied ammonium in soil 2 weeks after application was negligible. Large amounts of nitrate were adsorbed in the subsoil (150–300 kg NO₃^?‐N ha^?1 per 2 m) matching total N uptake by the crops (130–400 kg N ha^?1). Throughout one cropping season, more applied N (49–77%; determined by ¹⁵N tracers) was immobilized in soil organic matter than was present as adsorbed nitrate (2–3%). Most of the applied N (71–96% of ¹⁵N recovery) was found in the subsoil at 0.15–2 m depth. This coincided with an increase with depth of dissolved organic N as a proportion of total dissolved N (39–63%). Hydrophilic organic N was the dominant fraction of dissolved organic N and was, together with nitrate, the most important carrier for applied N. Most of this N (>80%) was leached from the topsoil (0–0.15 m) during the first 30 days after application. Subsoil N retention as both adsorbed inorganic N, and especially soil organic N, was found to be of great importance in determining N losses, soil N depletion and the potential of nitrate contamination of groundwater.  相似文献   

Nitrogen application method for improving yield and protein content of "Kitanokaori", a new variety of winter wheat for bread use in Hokkaido     

Masako TAKEBE  Keiki OKAZAKI  Toshihiko KARASAWA  Jiro WATANABE  Yasuo OHSHITA  Hiroyuki TSUJI 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2006,52(4):576-576

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