The use of American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) in practical diets for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): resistance to waterborne copper toxicity          下载免费PDF全文

Mohsen Abdel‐Tawwab 《Aquaculture Research》2015,46(4):1001-1006

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二氯异氰尿酸钠、溴氯海因、敌杀死对鲶鱼的急性毒性试验   总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7  

宋文华  于翔  王雷  富丽静 《淡水渔业》2003,33(2):21-22

用生物毒性试验方法进行二氯异氰尿酸钠、溴氯海因、敌杀死对鲶鱼 (9～ 1 1cm )的急性毒性试验 ,结果表明三种药物的安全浓度分别为 0 1 8mg/L、 0 56mg/L、 0 0 0 4mg/L。  相似文献   

柠檬酸对西瓜幼苗铝毒害的缓解作用   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

孙远秀  邱爽  张伟伟  郑阳霞 《核农学报》2016,(10):2072-2079

为了探究柠檬酸对西瓜幼苗铝毒害的缓解作用,本试验采用水培法,以早春红玉(耐铝型,HY)和早蜜王(铝敏感型,ZM)2个西瓜品种为材料,用不同柠檬酸浓度(200、400、800、1 200μmol·L~(-1))处理铝胁迫(1 500μmol·L~(-1))下的西瓜幼苗,研究不同柠檬酸浓度对西瓜幼苗生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明,铝胁迫对HY和ZM幼苗的生长和生理均产生了明显的毒害作用,与HY相比,ZM受毒害的程度更大。加入柠檬酸后,铝对HY和ZM的毒害作用得到了有效的缓解,且缓解效果存在浓度差异,在一定浓度范围内(≤800μmol·L~(-1)),随着柠檬酸浓度增加缓解效果增强,其中以800μmol·L~(-1)效果最佳;当浓度增至1 200μmol·L~(-1)时,缓解效果反而减弱。柠檬酸对ZM的缓解作用强于HY,同时随着处理时间的延长柠檬酸缓解效果越明显。综上所述,柠檬酸能够有效缓解铝对西瓜幼苗的毒害作用,以400~800μmol·L~(-1)解毒效果最佳。本研究结果为明确柠檬酸缓解西瓜铝毒害作用机制以及西瓜优质高产栽培提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

Effect of Lime and Flooding on Phosphorus Availability and Rice Growth on Two Acidic Lowland Soils     

《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(3-4):313-336

Abstract

Loss of soil‐water saturation may impair growth of rainfed lowland rice by restricting nutrient uptake, including the uptake of added phosphorus (P). For acidic soils, reappearance of soluble aluminum (Al) following loss of soil‐water saturation may also restrict P uptake. The aim of this study was to determine whether liming, flooding, and P additions could ameliorate the effects of loss of soil‐water saturation on P uptake and growth of rice. In the first pot experiment, two acid lowland soils from Cambodia [Kandic Plinthaqult (black clay soil) and Plinthustalf (sandy soil)] were treated with P (45 mg P kg^?1 soil) either before or after flooding for 4 weeks to investigate the effect of flooding on effectiveness of P fertilizer for rice growth. After 4 weeks, soils were air dried and crushed and then wet to field capacity and upland rice was grown in them for an additional 6 weeks. Addition of P fertilizer before rather than after flooding depressed the growth of the subsequently planted upland rice. During flooding, there was an increase in both acetate‐extractable Fe and the phosphate sorption capacity of soils, and a close relationship between them (r²=0.96–0.98). When P was added before flooding, Olsen and Bray 1‐extractable P, shoot dry matter, and shoot P concentrations were depressed, indicating that flooding decreased availability of fertilizer P. A second pot experiment was conducted with three levels of lime as CaCO₃ [to establish pH (CaCl₂) in the oxidized soils at 4, 5, and 6] and four levels of P (0, 13, 26, and 52 mg P kg^?1 soil) added to the same two acid lowland rice soils under flooded and nonflooded conditions. Under continuously flooded conditions, pH increased to over 5.6 regardless of lime treatment, and there was no response of rice dry matter to liming after 6 weeks' growth, but the addition of P increased rice dry matter substantially in both soils. In nonflooded soils, when P was not applied, shoot dry matter was depressed by up to one‐half of that in plants grown under continuously flooded conditions. Under the nonflooded conditions, rice dry matter and leaf P increased with the addition of P, but less so than in flooded soils. Leaf P concentrations and shoot dry matter responded strongly to the addition of lime. The increase in shoot dry matter of rice with lime and P application in nonflooded soil was associated with a significant decline in soluble Al in the soil and an increase in plant P uptake. The current experiments show that the loss of soil‐water saturation may be associated with the inhibition of P absorption by excess soluble Al. By contrast, flooding decreased exchangeable Al to levels below the threshold for toxicity in rice. In addition, the decreased P availability with loss of soil‐water saturation may have been associated with a greater phosphate sorption capacity of the soils during flooding and after reoxidation due to occlusion of P within ferric oxyhydroxides formed.  相似文献   

Proton toxicity interferes with the screening of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes for aluminium resistance in nutrient solution     

Andrs F. Rangel  Mohammad Mobin  Idupulapati M. Rao  Walter J. Horst 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2005,168(4):607-616

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) proved to be very sensitive of low pH (4.3), with large genotypic differences in proton sensitivity. Therefore, proton toxicity did not allow the screening of common bean genotypes for aluminium (Al) resistance using the established protocol for maize (0.5 mM CaCl₂, 8 μM H₃BO₃, pH 4.3). Increasing the pH to 4.5, the Ca²⁺ concentration to 5 mM, and addition of 0.5 mM KCl fully prevented proton toxicity in 28 tested genotypes and allowed to identify differences in Al resistance using the inhibition of root elongation by 20 μM Al supply for 36 h as parameter of Al injury. As in maize, Al treatment induced callose formation in root apices of common bean. Aluminium‐induced callose formation well reflected the effect of Ca supply on Al sensitivity as revealed by root‐growth inhibition. Aluminum‐induced callose formation in root apices of 28 bean genotypes differing in Al resistance after 36 h Al treatment was positively correlated to Al‐induced inhibition of root elongation and Al contents in the root apices. However, the relationship was less close than previously reported for maize. Also, after 12 h Al treatment, callose formation and Al contents in root apices did not reflect differences in Al resistance between two contrasting genotypes, indicating a different mode of the expression of Al toxicity and regulation of Al resistance in common bean than in maize.  相似文献   

Pb对赤子爱胜蚓的影响     

李许明  李福燕  郭彬  陈柳燕  张黎明  漆智平 《中国农学通报》2007,23(9):1-1

通过急性毒性试验测定了不同培养条件下Pb对蚯蚓的毒害作用,并通过牛粪、砖红壤培养试验,测定了蚯蚓对Pb的忍耐性,及不同形态Pb对蚯蚓体重的影响。研究结果如下：蚯蚓在在液、沙、泥土和干牛粪中的急性半致死剂量（LD50）分别为354.41 mg/kg、360.95 mg/kg、1228.02 mg/kg和3894.62 mg/kg。蚯蚓在腐熟牛粪中对Pb有很好的忍耐性,当牛粪中Pb含量达到15000 mg/kg时蚯蚓依然能够生存。蚯蚓在Pb污染砖红壤生活60d后回收率和体重均有下降,在土壤Pb含量分别为400 mg/kg和444 mg/kg时蚯蚓的回收率和增长率下降最快,分别为0.6403和-0.4358。限制蚯蚓增长的程度大小Pb形态依次为：碳酸盐结合态>交换态>有机态>无定形氧化锰结合态>晶形氧化铁结合态>无定形氧化铁结合态>残渣态  相似文献   

大麦耐铝毒机制的研究进展   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王华  陶跃之 《中国农学通报》2008,24(11):247-250

铝离子对根系的毒害是酸性土壤中农作物生产的主要限制因子。大麦在所有禾本科农作物中对铝离子毒害最为敏感。耐铝毒性在大麦品种间存在变异,遗传分析表明在大麦第4染色体长臂上有一个主效基因（Alp）控制大麦对铝毒的抗性。本文总结了最近几年关于大麦耐铝毒机理的研究进展,特别是大麦耐铝毒基因Alp的克隆及其功能分析,并对禾本科其它农作物中相关耐铝毒基因的研究进行了比较。  相似文献   

水稻(Oryza sativa L.)铝毒害与耐性机制及铝毒害的缓解作用   总被引：7，自引：4，他引：7  

陈荣府  沈仁芳 《土壤》2004,36(5):481-491

铝 (Al) 毒是广泛存在于热带亚热带地区酸性土壤上的主要的生产力限制因子之一。水稻Al毒害主要发生在新开垦的旱地酸性土壤上。本文较详细地总结了: (1) 水稻发生Al毒的环境条件,水稻Al毒害的可见症状和Al毒害的部位;(2) 水稻耐Al指标,营养元素的吸收与分配对水稻耐受Al毒害的影响,以及Al胁迫下根系分泌物、根际pH的变化等对水稻耐Al的贡献,水稻耐Al基因的定位等;(3) 水稻Al毒害的缓解作用机理及可能的解决措施。最后对水稻Al毒害和水稻耐Al机制研究中存在问题进行了分析探讨,同时对今后的研究作了展望。  相似文献   

钙盐诱导下土壤锰和铁的释放及其对胡椒的生物有效性   总被引：9，自引：7，他引：9  

SI You-Bin  ZHOU Jing  ZHOU Dong-Mei  CHEN Huai-Man 《土壤圈》2004,14(1):111-116

Releases of manganese and iron ions from an albic soil (Albic-Udic Luvisol), a yellow-red soil (Hap-Udic Ferrisol) and a yellow-brown soil (Arp-Udic Luvisol) induced by calcium salt addition and their bioavailability to pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) were studied in a pot experiment. Addition of Ca(NO₃)₂ decreased soil pH and increased both exchangeable and DTPA (diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid)-extractable Mn and Fe in soils. Meanwhile, total Mn accumulation in the shoots of Capsicum frutescens L. on the salt-treated soils increased significantly (P< 0.01) compared with the control, suggesting that salt addition to soil induced Mn toxicity in Capsicum frutescens L. Although exchangeable and DTPA-extractable Fe increased also in the salt-treated soils, Fe uptake by the shoots of Capsicum frutescens L. decreased. The effect of added salts in soils on dry matter weight of pepper varied with the soil characteristics, showing different buffer capacities of the soils for salt toxicity in an order of yellow-brown soil > albic soil > yellow-red soil. Fe/Mn ratio in shoots of Capsicum frutescens L. decreased with increasing salt addition for all the soils, which was ascribed to the antagonistic effect of Mn on Fe accumulation. The ratio of Fe/Mn in the tissue was a better indicator of the appearance of Mn toxicity symptoms than Mn concentration alone.  相似文献   

水稻根尖边缘细胞对铁毒的形态生理响应   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

章艺  刘鹏  宋金敏  徐根娣  蔡妙珍  王婷婷 《植物营养与肥料学报》2009,15(4):763-770

以水稻(Oryza sativa L.)品种Azucena（铁耐性）和IR64（铁敏感）为材料,研究了Fe2+毒胁迫下附着于根尖边缘细胞(即原位边缘细胞)的数目、存活率,根尖细胞形态结构、根尖保护酶活性的变化。结果显示,Fe2+ 毒对根边缘细胞的产生有抑制作用。相对于敏感性品种而言,一定浓度Fe2+(100~200 μmol/L)有利于耐性品种边缘细胞的产生;Fe2+ 毒对边缘细胞有致死效应,随Fe2+浓度的提升,边缘细胞的存活率呈下降趋势,根尖外围细胞壁增厚,并出现细胞程序性死亡特征(敏感性品种)。同时,Fe2+ 毒对根尖保护酶活性有一定的影响,200~400 μmol/L Fe2+处理下,耐性品种POD、CAT、SOD活性都超过对照;敏感品种只有SOD活性超过对照。说明Fe2+毒胁迫下,水稻根尖通过增加边缘细胞数目、提高细胞拒铁作用,维持较高水平的POD、CAT和SOD活性来对抗Fe2+毒,缓解铁毒害。  相似文献