玉米胚乳突变基因与互作对籽粒成份的影响 Ⅲ.su_1基因与sh_2、bt_2基因的互作效应及其利用价值     

李学渊  刘纪麟 《作物学报》1993,19(6):509-514

研究了su_1基因与sh_2,bt_2基因互作对玉米籽粒粒重及营养成份的影响,探讨了这些互作效应对玉米品质育种的利用价值。结果表明:su_1基因与sh_2,bt_2基因互作大幅度降低籽粒百粒重,增加可溶性糖、还原糖和蔗糖含量,降低淀粉含量,增加蛋白质及蛋白质组分中清蛋白、球蛋白和谷蛋白含量,降低醇溶蛋白含量。籽粒氨基酸组成中,天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丙氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸、精氨酸等氨基酸受基因互作影响较大。籽粒发育过程中双突变体一般表现为:粒重早期与正常型及单突变体相差不多,但后期增长缓慢;淀粉、醇溶蛋白早期含量较低,后期增长幅度亦较小;蛋白质含量下降量较小;可溶性糖及还原糖早期含量较高,后期下降速度随时期或基因组合而异。研究表明,su_1基因与sh_2、bt_2基因互作可以进一步提高籽粒营养成份,对玉米品质改良具有特殊的利用价值,但提高粒重是这类基因互作效应应用的关键。  相似文献   

Relationship between barley grain yield measured in low- and high-yielding environments     

Salvatore Ceccarelli  Stefania Grando  John Hamblin 《Euphytica》1992,64(1-2):49-58

Summary The paper addresses the general question of identifying the optimum environment for selection in plant breeding programs for low input agricultural systems. After defining low-yielding and high-yielding environments based on the average grain yield of large numbers of barley genotypes in different cropping seasons, we examined: 1) the phenotypic relationships between the highest yielding genotypes in low- and high-yielding environments, and 2) the genetic correlation coefficients between grain yield in low- and high-yielding environments. The results indicate that the alleles controlling high grain yield in low-yielding conditions are at least partially different from those controlling high grain yield in high-yielding conditions. Therefore, selection in high-yielding environments is expected to produce a negative response or no response in low-yielding environments. This may explain why crop varieties bred under high-yielding conditions failed to have an impact in low-yielding agricultural systems. The results may be extrapolated to systems where environmental concern suggests a reduction of inputs by raising the question of whether crop breeding programs based on selection under high inputs are likely to generate the right type of germplasm for an environmentally friendly agriculture.  相似文献   

Location-Specific and Across-Location Selections for Seed Yield in Populations of Common Bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L.     

S. P. Singh    J. A. Gutierrez    C. A. Urrea    A. Molina  C. Cajiao 《Plant Breeding》1992,109(4):320-328

Two populations of common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., were used to make three independent location-specific selections at Palmira, Quilichao, and Popayán, Colombia. Also, three across-location selections were made by alternating generations between Palmira and Popayan, between Quilichao and Popayán, and among Palmira, Quilichao, and Popayán. The seven highest yielding lines selected from each environment and population along with 14 parents and two checks were evaluated for seed yield, seed weight, maturity, and reaction to an-thracnose, angular leaf spot, and common bacterial blight. Mean squares due to evaluation and selection environments, selected lines, and their interactions were significant for all traits. Mean yields of selected lines were higher than the mean of parents in both populations. Among location-specific selections, lines yielded higher at their respective selection site. Moreover, selections made at Popayán were higher yielding than those made at Quilichao or Palmira when tested across locations and years. Use of Popayán, a relatively wetter and cooler site, either alone or in combination with other locations resulted in higher yield, higher seed weight, and higher resistance to anthracnose. On the average, location-specific selections were lower yielding than the across-location selections. Among across-location selections, those selected between Palmira and Popayán were the highest yielding in both populations. Selections at Palmira and across all three locations resulted in greater stability.  相似文献   

Interactions between plant and aphid genotypes in resistance of lettuce to Myzus persicae and Macrosiphum euphorbiae     

K. Reinink  F. L. Dieleman  J. Jansen  A. M. Montenarie 《Euphytica》1989,43(3):215-222

Summary Six lettuce lines, representing two types of resistance to the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, and a control line with high susceptibility to M. persicae were tested for resistance to six different clones of Myzus persicae and two clones of the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae.The clones of M. persicae showed very different levels of aggressiveness on lettuce: two had a high level of reproduction, two had an intermediate level and two were poorly adapted to lettuce as a host. Differences between lettuce lines in aphid reproduction increased with increasing aggressiveness of the aphid clone, which means that aggressive clones are most effective for selection purposes. No evidence was found for clone-specific plant genotype reactions, meaning that lines resistant to one clone will also be resistant to other clones of M. persicae, allthough not neccessarily at the same level. The lettuce lines selected for partial resistance to the aggressive clone WMp1 were completely or almost completely resistant to less aggresive clones.No differences in level of reproduction were found between the two clones of M. euphorbiae and no relation was observed between resistance to M. persicae and M. euphorbiae, indicating the species-specific character of resistance to leaf aphids in lettuce.  相似文献   

Heterosis in Primary Hexaploid Triticale with Heterozygous Wheat or Rye Genome*)     

G. Oettler  H. H. Geiger  H. F. Utz 《Plant Breeding》1988,100(3):161-168

Twelve primary hexaploid triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack), synthesized from, three lines of tetraploid wheat (Triticum durum L., T. turgidum L.) and four inbred lines of rye (Secale cereale L.), were used to produce 18 crosses with homozygous wheat and heterozygous rye genome and 12 crosses with heterozygous wheat and homozygous rye genome. Parents and crosses of triticale, wheat, and rye were tested for two years (rye for one year only) in two-replicate block designs with 1 m²-plots. Data were assessed for plant height, grain yield and for yield-related traits. Performance of triticale crosses was considerably lower than that of the wheat and rye crosses. The amount of heterosis varied greatly between years. Positive and mainly significant heterosis was revealed in triticale generations F₁ and F₂. The average values were closer to those in wheat than to those in rye. For most characters a high level of heterosis was retained in tnucalt1 generation F₂. Heterozygosity of the wheat and rye genome both contributed to heterosis in triticale. However, gene action of the rye genome strongly depended on the homozygous wheat background: one wheat line almost completely suppressed and another greatly stimulated the heterotic effect of the rye genome. In the later case, the amount of heterosis was related to that in rye per se. Information from hybrid rye breeding may therefore be used when establishing gene pools for hybrid breeding in triticale.  相似文献   

Epistasis in Maize (Zea mays L.) III. Comparison of Single and Three-Way Crosses for Forage Traits     

A. E. Melchinger    H. H. Geiger    G. Seitz  G. A. Schmidt 《Plant Breeding》1987,98(3):185-193

The importance of epistasis for forage performance and quality traits was studied in early maturing European maize (Zea mays L.) breeding materials. Sixty-six three-way crosses (3W), 33 of the flint x (dent · dent) and 33 of the dem × (flint · flint) type, were compared with the mean of their respective non-parental single crosses () using data obtained in six environments. For each of the 11 traits examined, at least 6 out of the 66 three-way crosses displayed significant (P < 0.05) epistatic deviations, calculated as – 3W. Averaged over crosses and environments, epistatic deviations were highly significant (P < 0,31] for 8 trails, but of minor importance except for grain yield. In general, the variance of epistatie deviations was appreciably smaller than the variance of genotype × environment interactions. Highly significant correlations occurred among epistatie deviations for silking date, dry matter content of ear, and dry matter yield of grain and stover. The reliability of predicting the performance of three-way crosses from 2W as opposed to assessing them directly was investigated as a function of the number of test environments. Disturbing e fleets of epistasis on prediction only became important under intense testing (> 3 or 4 environments), With fewer test environments, both procedures were almost equivalent, due to a smaller influence of genotype × environment interaction on the values, Epistasis is concluded to be of minor importance with regard to the optimum type of hybrid for forage use.  相似文献   

Durum wheat landraces from Syria     

Anne Elings 《Euphytica》1993,70(1-2):85-96

Syrian durum wheat landraces from diverse collection sites were evaluated for agronomic performance under arid conditions over two seasons at four locations, at two levels of nutrient availability.Grain yield differed considerably among locations. Within locations, significant population and fertilizer effects were demonstrated. In most cases, maximum yield was achieved by landraces, which demonstrates the breeding value of local germplasm. In a particular environment, the population effect was nonsignificant for total dry matter production, but significant for straw and grain yield. Nitrogen application was ineffective if moisture availability was the dominant growth limiting factor.Correlations between plant characteristics at evaluation and collection site characteristics were limited, and therefore, their utilization in germplasm evaluation appear limited. The negative relation between grain yield and soil nitrogen content at the collection site may be caused by the comparative disadvantage that germplasm from regions with favourable growing conditions has under low-yielding conditions.Particular environmental conditions at the collection site were no indicator for the response to changed growing conditions. Relatively high grain yields under good and adverse growing conditions excluded each other in all but two cases. Also, it was difficult to relate grain yield to regions of collection, as the response of individual landraces from a certain region to changing growing conditions differed strongly. Differentiation on the basis of landrace groups appears more promising. The Hauran landrace group provided the largest number of populations with relatively high grain yields over diverse environments.  相似文献   

Differential Adaptation of Complete and Substituted Triticale     

C. Royo    A. Rodriguez  I. Romagosa 《Plant Breeding》1993,111(2):113-119

Adaptation of seven complete and twelve substituted triticales to specific soil types has been studied, based on a series of twenty trials carried out in 1989 and 1990 across Spain. The nature of the GE interaction for grain yield was revealed by means of the additive main effects multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model and using the soil pH at the different sites as linear covariate. The percentage of the variability explained by the first principal component axis of the AMMI model was 72 and 65 % for the two years, suggesting a specific pattern of adaptation. Soil pH was the single most important environmental factor to explain the adaptation of complete and substituted types. Complete triticales outyielded substituted genotypes in the majority of sites. Triticale adaptation to acid and alkaline soils seems to be largely controlled by the single wheat/rye chromosome 2D(2R) substitution, for which both types differ. Complete triticales seem better adapted to the acid soils, whereas substituted types are, in general, more suited to alkaline soils.  相似文献   

Inter-site transferability of crop varieties: another approach for analyzing multi-locational variety trials     

M. Singh  S. K. Yau  J. Hamblin  E. Porceddu 《Euphytica》1996,89(3):305-311

Summary Improved crop varieties developed at experimental stations are intended for release for production in farmers' fields which are not necessarily the test sites. Therefore, it is important to measure the inter-site transferability of the crop variety. This study was undertaken to establish a statistical measure of inter-site transferability of a variety. Data on grain yield from two sets of multi-locational trials on barley and four sets of the wheat trials conducted by the Cereal Program, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Syria, were analyzed to evaluate the inter-site transferability of the varieties. Genotype × environment interaction was significant and experimental errors were heterogeneous in each set of trials. Correlations between the slope (of linear regression of variety mean on location mean) and variety mean were significant (P < 0.01) in all trials. Correlations between the developed inter-site transferability statistic and the variety mean were significant (P < 0.05) in only two trials. Correlations between mean yield and probability of the inter-site transferability statistic were insignificant in all trials. The inter-site transferability statistic and the associated probability of the transferability may be used to select varieties which are high yielding as well as transferable to a new environment. The strong association of slope with mean yield restricted the scope of varietal selection but the introduced statistic did not suffer from this drawback.  相似文献   

The Tripartite Symbiosis Formed by Indigenous Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Soya Bean Under Field Conditions   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

P. M. Antunes  A. de Varennes  T. Zhang  M. J. Goss 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2006,192(5):373-378

The tripartite symbiosis formed by indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Bradyrhizobium japonicum (Kirchner) Jordan and soya bean (Glycine max L. Merr. cv. Evans) was investigated under field conditions to test the hypotheses that: (i) the tripartite symbiosis enhances nodulation and nodule activity; and (ii) its establishment does not rely on improved phosphorus (P) uptake through the fungal partner. Soil tillage was used to produce treatments with contrasting AMF colonization potentials while the amount of B. japonicum inoculum was kept constant. Nodulation, AMF colonization and the P and nitrogen (N) nutrition of plants were evaluated at 10 and 51 (full‐bloom) days after emergence. N₂ fixation was estimated by the difference method and by the isotopic dilution method. At the early stage of plant growth, AMF hyphal colonization and nodulation were, respectively, 16 % and 33 % greater in plants from untilled than from rototilled soil. The establishment of the tripartite symbiosis was observed under field conditions, and factors other than P nutrition were critical to its formation. However, the tripartite symbiosis did not promote N₂ fixation under the high soil P conditions of this study.  相似文献