Lateral migration of fishes in Amazon floodplains   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2  

C. C. Fernandes 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》1997,6(1):36-44

Abstract— Migrations of fish in the outlet channel of Lago do Rei, a floodplain lake on Careiro Island in the Amazon River, were examined using three capture methods. Of the 85 species found in the Parana do Rei (channel), 20 migrated between the lake and river. Migrations from the lake to the river occurred in two pulses. In August-September, as the river water level began to recede, some fish migrated to the river with the current. As the river water level rose in December-January, additional fish migrated towards the main river against the current. Fish returned to the lake by March or April after they had spawned. The migratory patterns of six species, family Curimatidae and Prochilodontidae: Potamorhina latior, Psectrogaster amazonica , P. rutiloides, Curimata kneri, Prochilodus nigricans and Semaprochilodus taeniurus are described in detail. Lateral migrations of fish in this ecosystem appear to be closely linked to breeding and to physical habitat changes related to river water level.  相似文献   

Are habitat-tracking metacommunities dispersal limited? Inferences from abundance-occupancy patterns of epiphylls in Amazonian forest fragments     

Charles E. Zartman  Henrique E.M. Nascimento 《Biological conservation》2006,127(1):46-54

In theory, habitat fragmentation alters plant community dynamics by influencing both local (within patch) and regional (among patch) processes. However, the lengthy generation times of plant taxa relative to the short duration of most experiments has precluded studies from assessing the impact of fragmentation at both local and regional scales. Due to their accelerated life cycles, high rates of local extinction, and naturally patchy substrates, epiphyllous bryophyte assemblages are an appropriate plant guild for empirically testing metacommunity-based predictions associated with habitat fragmentation. By examining the local abundance and regional distribution patterns of 67 epiphyllous (leaf-inhabiting) bryophyte species in an experimentally fragmented landscape in Amazonia, we demonstrate that changes in local abundance wrought by habitat fragmentation are best explained by fragment size rather than proximity to forest edge. Furthermore, evidence of a simultaneous inter-specific decline in epiphyll local abundance and regional distribution in small (1- and 10-ha) forest fragments corroborate with metapopulation-based predictions highlighting the importance of immigration in buffering from patch extinction risk (i.e., the rescue effect). Collectively, these results provide indirect evidence that dispersal limitation, rather than compromised habitat quality attributable to edge effects, likely account for species loss from small tropical forest fragments. Whether dispersal limitation is due to increased insularity from regional sources for epiphyll recolonization or rather to lowered within-fragment dispersal potential is unknown; nonetheless, the long-term persistence of these microscopic plant metacommunities depends on the preservation of rain forest reserves of at least 100-ha in size.  相似文献   

Amelioration of subsoil acidity in an Oxisol of the humid tropics     

M. D. Cahn  D. R. Bouldin  M. S. Cravo 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1993,15(2):153-159

Summary This work investigated the effectsof amendments of fertilizer N and lime on subsoil acidity and maize rooting depth in an acid soil of the central Amazon basin. A split-plot designed field experiment was conducted on a clayey Oxisol (Typic Acrudox) during a 16-month period. Main plots received 0 or 4 Mt ha^-1 of lime. Subplots were four crop sequences: (1) Maize-green manure (Canavalia ensiformes); (2) maize-green manure (Mucuna aterrima); (3) maize-bare fallow, with the maize receiving 300 kg ha^-1 of urea-N; and (4) bare fallow, with an application of 300 kg ha^-1 of urea-N at the same time as sequence 3. Plots were periodically sampled to 1.2 m. The experimental site received 4265 mm of precipitation during 16 months; approximately 60%–90% of this rain percolated through the profile. Substantial amounts of Ca were leached from the 0–30 cm horizon during the experimental period, but only limited amounts accumulated in the subsoil. Base saturation below 45 cm was less than 50% at the end of the experiment regardless of lime treatment. Roots of maize were concentrated in the 0–30 cm layers in limed plots and the 0–20 cm layers in unlimed plots. In all treatments less than 5% of the roots was found below 50 cm. An acidity balance indicated that considerable acidity was leached below the plow layer and out of the profile.  相似文献   

Molecular Characterization by AFLPs of Capsicum Germplasm from the Amazon Department in Colombia     

Sandra Patricia Toquica  Fernando Rodríguez  Edgar Martínez  Myriam Cristina Duque  Joe Tohme 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2003,50(6):639-647

Using AFLPs, 71 peppers (Capsicum) accessions from the species C. chinense Jacq., C. baccatum L., C. annuum L. and C. frutescens L. from indigenous communities of the Amazon Department (Colombia) were studied to assess the genetic diversity of the collections, and delineate species gene groups. Ten additional accessions were included as a reference species group. Three clusters were identified in the Amazonian accessions by Multiple Correspondence Analyses (MCA) and a dendrogram from the UPGMA analyses of Nei – Li genetic similarity. The clusters correspond to gene groups of the species Capsicum chinense (the majority of the accessions), C. baccatum and the complex annuum - frutescens. A fourth cluster corresponds to the reference accession C. pubescens. The MCA analyses accounted for 95% of the total variation. The total genetic variation was low (Ht 0.119) and a genetic diversity index (Gst) of 0.331 was obtained. This suggests a limited genetic diversity of the accessions and a close relatedness of the species. This study is the first molecular marker assessment of genetic diversity for peppers from the Colombian Amazon, and provides information of biodiversity that can be employed in the preservation and use of Capsicum germplasm.  相似文献   

Clay mineral composition of river sediments in the Amazon Basin     

J.L. Guyot  J.M. Jouanneau  L. Soares  G.R. Boaventura  N. Maillet  C. Lagane 《CATENA》2007

Clay minerals are important in evaluating the maturity of suspended sediments, weathering intensity and source area. However, there are processes that can change the mineral assemblage such as river transportation, deposition, remobilization and tributary inputs. In terms of water discharge and sediment yield, the Amazon is one of the largest rivers in the world. Most of the suspended sediments come from the Andes, crossing the lowlands before reaching the ocean. This study measures the spatial distribution of clay mineral assemblages over the entire Amazon basin. The results obtained show the main features of the Amazon River main stem and larger tributaries from their sources to their confluence. Clay mineral composition highlights the evolution of the Madeira and Marañón–Solimões River, which start in the Andes with high illite + chlorite content. Downstream, smectite contents increase. Moreover, all shield tributaries show high kaolinite content. The lower Amazon River is characterized by relative high smectite content, different from the Andean sources. The clay mineral results show that suspended sediments of the Amazon River have three main sources: 1) the Andes mountains; 2) the Amazon shields and 3) the Piedmont basins, especially the Pastaza alluvial megafan and the Fitzcarrald Arch basin. Lateral bank erosion plays also a significant role, by the introduction of more mature sediments into the river, enriched in smectite.  相似文献   

Swidden-fallow agroforestry in Amazonia: diversity at close distance     

W De Jong 《Agroforestry Systems》1996,34(3):277-290

Swidden-fallow agroforestry among ribereño farmers in the Peruvian Amazon has been reported to show important regional variation. In this paper diversity in terra firme swidden-fallow agroforestry is described for a single village, Santa Rosa, located at the lower Ucayali river, Peru. Local forest gardens differ in managed species composition, wedding patterns, and yield levels. Most of the produce from Santa Rosa forest gardens is locally consumed; only little is traded. Many forest species are actively tended for planted in forest gardens. These systems have the function of suppliers of a range of products. Variation inforest garden management is a result of farmer' individual perception of the need for such products.

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Resumen Informas sobre agroforesteria de chacra y barbecho en la Amazonia Peruana mentionan la variabilidad de tales sistemas, segun la localidad de donde se encuentran. En el presente articulo se describe diversidad de agroforesteria de chacra y barbecho en un solo pueblo, Santa Rosa, ubicado en el bajo rio Ucayali, Peru. Los jardines forestales alli se distinguen por la composicion de especies, frecuencia e intensidad de deshierbo, y cantidades de productos obtenidos de ellos. La mayoria de los productos de los jardines forestales de Santa Rosa son consumidos localmente; solamente unos pocos son comercializados. Muchas especies forestales son cuidados o sembrados en los jardines forestale.. Estos sistemas tienen la funcion de prover una seria de productos. Variacion en el manejo de jardines forestales son el resultado de la percepcion individual de agricultores para la necesidad de estos productos.

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The value of forest strips for understorey birds in an Amazonian plantation landscape     

Joseph Hawes  Jos Barlow  Toby A. Gardner 《Biological conservation》2008,141(9):2262-2278

Remnant forest strips are frequently proposed as valuable conservation tools in fragmented tropical landscapes, yet we currently lack evidence to evaluate their potential conservation value for native biota. We examined the potential value for understorey forest birds of 30-year-old riparian and terra firme (unflooded) primary forest strips within a large silvicultural landscape in the north-east Brazilian Amazon, where the matrix is dominated by Eucalyptus plantations. We conducted mist-netting in eight forest strips connected to continuous forest (four of each forest type), with a total of 24 replicate sampling sites located near to (<1 km), far from (2.5-9 km), and within undisturbed forest controls (i.e. 16 samples within the strips, and 8 in controls). Bird communities in both strip types changed with increasing distance along forest remnants into the plantation matrix. Matrix-embedded samples were characterised by a higher representation of birds typical of secondary growth forest but not those typical of the Eucalyptus-dominated matrix. While the long-term viability of the bird populations in these remnants remains unclear, our data demonstrate that forest strips can provide important habitat for many bird species that are otherwise rarely found outside primary forest. Forest strips therefore provide an important tool to enhance biodiversity conservation in plantation landscapes. The relative practical ease with which these areas can be selected and maintained means that the protection of forest strips as part of a wider conservation strategy is likely to have particular appeal to policy makers and landscape managers working in the human-dominated tropics.  相似文献   

Effects of plant diversity on plant biomass production and soil macrofauna in Amazonian pastures     

Kam-Rigne Laossi  Sbastien Barot  Deurival Carvalho  Thierry Desjardins  Patrick Lavelle  Marlucia Martins  Danielle Mitja  Ana Carolina Rendeiro  Guillaume Rousseau  Max Sarrazin  Elena Velasquez  Michel Grimaldi 《Pedobiologia》2008,51(5-6):397-407

We examined the effect of plant diversity on plant production and soil macrofauna density and diversity. Four plants species (Arachis pintoi, an herbaceous legume; Brachiaria brizantha, a perennial grass; Leucaena leucocephala, a legume shrub; Solanum rugosum, a non-legume shrub) were used in a field experiment and communities of all combinations of one, two, three or four species were established. Plant diversity neither significantly affected density and diversity of soil macrofauna nor total plant biomass, however, the biomass of specific plants was negatively affected by plant diversity. Earthworm and ant densities were significantly higher in the presence of A. pintoi although this plant influenced neither the density of the other group nor fauna diversity. Earthworm and diplopod densities increased significantly with shoot biomass of A. pintoi. Fauna diversity increased significantly with shoot biomass (specific and total). Root biomass did not affect fauna density and diversity. Our results suggest that fauna density is affected by litter quality and that it is more affected by resource quantity than quality. Our results also confirm the importance of nitrogen fixers to ecosystem function.  相似文献