冬小麦/大葱轮作体系N_2O排放特征及影响因素研究     

张静  李虎  王立刚  邱建军 《农业环境保护》2012,(8):1639-1646

采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法研究了冬小麦/大葱轮作体系不同施肥处理下农田N2O排放特征及排放系数,分析了土壤湿度和土壤温度等环境因子对N2O排放的影响。结果表明,农田N2O排放高峰值主要出现在每次施肥＋灌溉或强降雨之后的一段时间,大葱生长季排放峰值高且出现的频率比小麦生长季密集;N2O排放通量变化范围为-3.85～507.11μg N·m-2·h-1,平均值为251.63μgN·m-2·h-1,对于不同施肥处理,其年度N2O排放总量介于1.71 kg N·hm-2到4.60 kg N·hm-2之间。整个轮作体系不同处理N2O排放系数介于0.31%到0.48%之间,均值为0.43%;相对比农民习惯（FP）处理,优化施肥（OPT）、优化减氮（OPT-N）以及秸秆还田（C/N）处理均能显著减少N2O的排放,秸秆还田处理和优化减氮处理N2O排放总量比优化处理分别减少了17%和10%。在10℃〈土壤温度（T）s〈20℃时,N2O排放随温度的升高而增加;整个小麦生长季N2O排放随土壤湿度的增加而增加,且达到0.05的显著水平;大葱生长季在20℃〈Ts〈30℃时,土壤水分含量成为主要限制因素,N2O排放与土壤孔隙含水量（WFPS）呈显著指数正相关关系。秸秆还田处理作物产量高于其他处理,是具有减排增产＂双赢＂效果的农田管理措施。  相似文献   

EFFECT OF NITRIC OXIDE ON ALFALFA SEED GERMINATION UNDER NaCi STRESS     

《核农学报》2012,26(4)

以甘农4号、阿尔冈金2个品种苜蓿为材料,用一氧化氮（NO）供体硝普钠、NO清除剂c-PTIO、一氧化氮合酶抑制剂N-硝基．L-精氨酸甲脂、硝酸还原酶抑制荆钨酸钾及硝普钠类似物亚铁氰化钠（不产生NO）处理苜蓿种子,研究NO对盐胁迫下苜蓿种子萌发的生理效应。结果表明,盐胁迫显著抑制了2个苜蓿品种的发芽率、胚芽和胚根长及幼苗干重（P〈0．05）,降低种子萌发过程中α、β-淀粉酶、蛋白水解酶活性,抑制淀粉水解和可溶性糖积累（P〈0．05）;盐胁迫下添加外源NO则使2个品种苜蓿α、β淀粉酶、蛋白水解酶活性、种子发芽率显著提高（P〈0．05）,淀粉含量降低,可溶性糖含量升高、胚芽和胚根长及幼苗干重显著增加（P〈0．05）;NO供体SNP的类似物亚铁氰化钠对盐胁迫下苜蓿种子萌发的各项指标无明显影响;施用NO清除剂c-PTIO、硝酸还原酶抑制剂钨酸钾和一氧化氮合酶抑制剂N-硝基-L-精氨酸甲脂具有降低苜蓿种子萌发的效应（P〈0．05）。因此,盐胁迫抑制苜蓿种子的萌发,而添加外源NO是缓解这种抑制作用的有效途径,内源NO也可能参与盐胁迫下苜蓿种子萌发的调节,且通过NOS和NR途径产生的NO在缓解盐胁迫抑制苜蓿种子萌发中可能起关键作用。  相似文献   

Seasonal Changes of Mineral Nutrients in Fruit and Leaves of ‘Newhall’ and ‘Skagg's Bonanza’ Navel Oranges     

Jia X. Xiao  Xiang Yan  Shu A. Peng  Yi W. Fang 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(5):671-690

In southern Jiangxi province of China, ‘Newhall’(Citrus sinensis Osbeck) navel orange presented a conspicuous symptom of boron (B) deficiency in mature leaves, whereas B deficiency symptoms were not manifested on ‘Skagg's Bonanza’(C. sinensis Osbeck) navel orange. In this study, changes in concentrations of B, calcium (Ca), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) were comparatively investigated in the structural parts of the fruit (rind and pulp) and leaves (old leaves from last season and spring-flush leaves from current year) of ‘Newhall’ and ‘Skagg's Bonanza’ navel orange during the growing season. Two peaks of B concentrations were observed in the rind of the two cultivars during fruitlet growth and fruit enlargement, respectively. Boron concentrations were relatively high in the rind during fruitlet growth, and then decreased in both rind and pulp, whereas, during middle and late fruit enlargement significant increases were found for B in both rind and pulp of the two cultivars. Boron concentrations in old leaves of ‘Newhall’ decreased progressively and remained relatively low, whereas that of ‘Skagg's Bonanza’ was relatively high and changed slightly as the season progresses. Both Ca and K concentrations were above the critical threshold values, while their dynamics were reverse to that of B in fruit and leaves during certain times. Old leaf Mg concentrations of samples at 140 days after full bloom from the two cultivars and spring-flush leaves from ‘Newhall’ were below the threshold limit for sufficiency. In addition, Mg in old leaves was much lower from ‘Newhall’ than from ‘Skagg's Bonanza’. Spring-flush leaf concentrations of Mn and Zn and Mn concentrations in old leaves from ‘Newhall’ were relatively lacking during middle and late season, which accelerated the occurrence of B deficiency symptoms on mature leaves of ‘Newhall.’  相似文献   

Effect of Conditioning Zinc Sulfate Heptahydrate (ZnSHH) with Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Neem Oil on Growth,Productivity, Zinc Biofortification of Grain and Zinc Uptake by Basmati Rice     

Yashbir Singh Shivay  Rajendra Prasad  Madan Pal 《Journal of plant nutrition》2014,37(11):1873-1884

Commercial grade zinc (Zn) sulfate hepta hydrate (ZnSHH) is the most widely used source of Zn in India and several other countries for amelioration of Zn deficiency in crops. However, it releases water of hydration at temperature above 30°C and forms lumps on storage, which make it difficult to handle it and apply in fields. Therefore, conditioning of ZnSHH with ZnO and neem oil reduces the release of water of hydration and prevents lumps formation and can be well stored. Field experiments were conducted at the research farm of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India during rice growing seasons (July-November) of 2009 and 2010 to study the effect of conditioning ZnSHH with ZnO and neem oil on growth, productivity and Zn fortification of rice (Oryza sativa) grain and uptake by Basmati rice ‘Pusa 1121’. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with 3 replications comprised of 9 treatments of Zn fertilization. The present study shows that when conditioned with 2% ZnO and 4% neem oil ZnSHH improved yield attributes, grain and straw yields, Zn uptake and partial factor productivity (PFP), agronomic efficiency (AE), recovery efficiency (RE), and physiological efficiency (PE) of Zn in Basmati rice ‘Pusa 1121’. In general, ZnO was inferior to ZnSHH. Application of ZnSHH conditioned with 2% ZnO and 4% neem oil can be a better source of Zn for transplanted puddled Basmati rice on Zn deficient soils.  相似文献   

外源NO对Ca(NO3)2胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长和抗氧化系统的影响     

杜长霞  邵俏赛  樊怀福  徐艳丽 《核农学报》2013,27(6)

本研究以黄瓜为试材,采用营养液水培,研究了外源NO对Ca(NO3)2胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长和抗氧化酶系的影响.结果显示,在70mmol·L-1的Ca(NO3)2胁迫下,植株生长受到抑制,干重和叶绿素含量显著下降,叶片和根系抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性均升高,膜脂过氧化产物MDA及可溶性 蛋白含量增加.而叶面喷施NO供体SNP显著缓解了Ca(NO3)2胁迫对黄瓜幼苗生长的抑制,植株干重显著增加.同时,抗氧化酶活性、可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量也有不同程度的上升,MDA含量显著下降.以上表明,NO能够增强黄瓜幼苗对Ca(NO3)2胁迫的耐性.喷施SNP对正常营养液培养的黄瓜幼苗无显著影响.  相似文献   

外源NO对NaCl胁迫下山葡萄叶片叶绿素荧光和抗氧化酶活性的影响     

赵滢  艾军  王振兴  秦红艳  张庆田  许培磊  刘迎雪  沈育杰 《核农学报》2013,27(6)

为探究NO对山葡萄耐盐性影响的生理机制,以1年生双丰山葡萄扦插苗为试材,采用营养液栽培方法,研究了外源NO供体硝普钠(SNP)处理对50 mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫下山葡萄叶片叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数和抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明,外源NO能显著提升盐胁迫下山葡萄叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性,减少丙二醛(MDA)的产生和积累,保护光合机构免受活性氧伤害,从而提高叶片叶绿素含量;另一方面,外源NO使盐胁迫下山葡萄叶片的PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)和保护性热耗散(ΦNPQ)升高,而初始荧光(Fo)和非调节性能量耗散(ΦNO)显著下降,表明外源NO通过保护性热耗散机制缓解盐胁迫引起的光抑制,增强光合电子传递效率,进而维持PSⅡ的正常功能,最终提高了山葡萄耐盐性.  相似文献   

春玉米田施用双氰胺和硫包衣尿素的节本减排效果分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李超  万运帆  李玉娥  秦晓波 《中国农业气象》2013,34(5):526-531

氧化亚氮（N2O）是一种重要的温室气体,农田土壤是其重要的排放源.本研究利用温室气体自动测定系统,对华北平原春玉米农田尿素（U）、尿素添加10％双氰胺（DCD1）、尿素添加5％双氰胺（DCD2）、硫包衣尿素（SCU）和不施肥（CK）5个不同施肥处理土壤进行N2O测定,以分析双氰胺和硫包衣尿素对土壤N2O排放的影响.结果表明,（1）各处理N2O排放总量顺序为U＞SCU＞ DCD2＞DCD1＞CK,各处理的排放系数在0.20％ ～0.71％,与单施尿素相比,DCD1、DCD2分别减少N2O排放59.5％、47.1％,硫包衣处理的N2O排放与尿素处理差异不显著,但两者的N2O排放均极显著高于添加DCD的处理（P＜0.01）.（2）排放高峰是伴随土壤孔隙含水量（WFPS）明显上升而发生的,各施肥处理N2O的排放通量与土壤WFPS呈极显著相关关系（P＜0.01）.（3） DCD2施肥方案每减排1tCO2-eq的同时可减少支出约178元,表明此方案可作为减少春玉米农田N2O排放的技术措施.  相似文献   

不同土地利用方式下土壤温度与土壤水分对黑土N2O排放的影响     

石洪艾  李禄军  尤孟阳  丁娇  王帅  韩晓增 《农业环境保护》2013,(11):2286-2292

采用静态箱一气象色谱法,对黑土区3种不同土地利用方式（草地、裸地和农田）下土壤氧化亚氮（N：O）的排放特征及其与土壤温度和土壤水分的关系进行研究。结果显示：试验监测期间（2011年5月27日-9月30日）,不同土地利用方式下,土壤N：0累积排放量分别为草地52．08mgN·m^-2裸地64．43mgN·m^-2农田70．16mgN·m^-2,农田土壤N：O累积排放量比草地和裸地分别高出35％和9％,草地、裸地和农田的N2O平均排放通量分别为16．56、20．36、21．44μgN·m^-2·h^-1。草地和裸地中,土壤N2O排放通量与土壤温度和土壤水分（充水孔隙度,WFPS）相关性均不显著,但在农田中,土壤N20排放通量与土壤温度（5cm和10cm）和土壤水分（5cm）均呈显著正相关（P〈0．05）。另外,土壤N2O累积排放量与土壤硝态氮和矿质氮含量均呈正相关关系。研究表明,黑土草地开垦可促进土壤N2O的排放,且不同土地利用方式下土壤N2O排放的主要影响因子不同。  相似文献   

菜地氮肥用量与N₂O排放的关系及硝化抑制剂效果   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

熊舞  夏永秋  颜晓元  周伟 《土壤学报》2013,50(4):743-751

通过连续种植四季蔬菜近一年的大田试验,探究高施氮水平和低氮肥利用率的蔬菜生产系统中,N2O排放量与氮肥施用量之间的定量关系及其机理,并研究硝化抑制剂减少菜地N2O排放的效果.结果表明,在氮肥施用水平为N 0～1 733 kg hm-2a-1间,无论氮肥中是否添加硝化抑制剂,N2O总排放量与氮肥施用量均呈指数函数关系,即氮肥施用量高时,N2O排放率也高.在各氮肥水平处理下,硝化抑制剂均能降低N2O排放,抑制率为8.75％ ～ 25.28％,且这种减排效果随着施氮量增加而增加.在氮肥施用量为N 300或400 kg hm-2季-1时,施用硝化抑制剂减少N2O排放所带来的效益略高于其成本,因此,即使不考虑氮肥利用率的提高等因素,施用硝化抑制剂仍是一种有利的选择.  相似文献   

氮肥形态对香蕉种植土壤中氨氧化细菌与古菌的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

魏天娇  魏志军  陈鹏  阮云泽  朱毅勇 《土壤》2015,47(4):690-697

氨氧化微生物通过影响氮素在土壤中的转化而间接影响作物对不同氮素形态的吸收。因此,本实验采集了海南省种植香蕉的滨海土壤,通过施用硫酸铵和硝酸钙,研究了氨氧化细菌(AOB)和氨氧化古菌(AOA)的数量与群落的变化,并测定了香蕉的生长与氮营养状况。通过构建氨氧化细菌和古菌的功能基因amo A文库后发现:施用硫酸铵的土壤中AOB的amo A基因拷贝数显著高于施用硝酸钙的土壤和不施肥的土壤,而AOA的拷贝数低于硝酸钙与不施肥处理。但是氨氧化古菌AOA的绝对数量都高于AOB。施用硫酸铵的土壤中AOB的群落多样性和丰富度明显增加,而施用硝酸钙的土壤却没有发生显著变化。施用硫酸铵和硝酸钙的土壤中AOA群落结构相似,但丰富度和多样性均高于不施肥处理。从施肥效果看,相比硫酸铵,硝酸钙显著提高了香蕉植株的生物量和全氮含量。上述结果表明,在南方酸性土壤中AOA占优势,虽然施用铵态氮肥可以促进AOB的丰度与多样性,但是很可能会抑制AOA的数量。因此,在海南滨海土中施用铵态氮肥后,通过硝化作用以满足香蕉吸收硝态氮的需求达不到理想的效果,应直接补充硝态氮肥来促进香蕉生长。  相似文献