铝胁迫下硝普钠对黑麦和小麦根尖细胞壁铝吸附的影响     

何虎翼  何龙飞  黎晓峰  顾明华 《广西农业生物科学》2007,26(3):235-239,249

用一氧化氮供体硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside,SNP)处理铝胁迫下的黑麦和小麦幼苗,探讨铝胁迫和铝胁迫下外源NO对黑麦和小麦根尖细胞壁铝吸附的影响。结果表明:铝显著抑制黑麦和小麦根的伸长生长,小麦受抑制更为严重;SNP处理可缓解铝对黑麦和小麦根伸长生长的抑制作用,1 mmol/L SNP处理最有效。小麦根尖对铝的吸附量和吸附速率显著高于黑麦的,1 mmol/L SNP处理显著降低小麦和黑麦细胞壁对铝的吸附量,使根尖铝含量显著下降。铝与根尖细胞壁的结合是导致植物铝毒害的重要原因,而降低根尖细胞壁对铝的吸附是外源NO缓解铝毒害的重要机制。  相似文献   

钙离子对两种基因型冬小麦萌发过程中盐胁迫效应的影响   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12  

赵旭  王林权  周春菊  尚浩博 《土壤通报》2006,37(4):748-752

以两种不同基因型冬小麦种子为试验材料,研究了外源Ca(NO3)2和CaC l2对小麦萌发过程中盐害的缓解作用。结果表明,150mmol L-1NaC l胁迫明显抑制小麦种子的萌发。盐胁迫主要影响小麦根和芽的伸长,对根数的影响较小。种子萌发过程中,小偃6号的耐盐性优于陕229。外源钙对两种小麦盐胁迫效应的缓解作用不同。6mmol L-1钙离子可明显减轻陕229的盐害作用,对小偃6号作用不大。盐胁迫对种子萌发过程中的蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性具有明显的抑制作用。盐胁迫下,小偃6号种子的蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性明显高于陕229。钙离子对盐胁迫下小麦萌发过程胚乳内蛋白酶的活性影响较大,对淀粉酶活性影响较小。  相似文献   

Tillage-induced environmental conditions in soil and substrate limitation determine biogenic gas production     

E.G. Gregorich  P. Rochette  U.F. McKim 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2006,38(9):2614-2628

Tillage changes soil environmental conditions and controls the distribution of residues in the soil, both actions that affect the production and emission of soil biogenic gases (CO₂, N₂O, and CH₄). The objective of this study was to determine how tillage-induced environmental conditions and substrate quality affect the mineralization rate of easily metabolizable compounds and the subsequent production of these gases. Carbon compounds, with and without nitrogen, were applied to soil cropped to maize under tilled and no-till systems. Following substrate application in the spring and summer, biogenic gases were measured periodically at the soil surface (flux) and within the profile (concentration) at 10-, 20-, and 30-cm depths (i.e., within, at the bottom of, and below the plough layer). Strong CO₂ and N₂O responses to sucrose and glycine in both the field and the laboratory indicate that the soil was C- and N-limited. Surface fluxes of CO₂ and N₂O were greater in soils amended with glycine than with sucrose and were greater in tilled than no-till soils. Transient emission of CH₄ following the addition of glycine was observed and could be attributed to inhibition of N mineralization and nitrification processes on CH₄ oxidation. Laboratory and field measurements indicated that the larger substrate-induced CO₂ emission from the tilled soils could not be attributed to differences in the total biomass or the basal respiratory activity of the soils. Thus, there appears to be no underlying difference in the functional capacity of the microbial communities under different tillage regimes. Comparison of gas profiles indicates relative accumulation of CO₂ at depth in soils under no-till, as well as greater decline in profile CO₂ content with time in the tilled compared to the no-till soil. These results support the conclusion that greater CO₂ efflux from the tilled soils resulted from more rapid gas diffusion through the profile. Hence, the observed differences in gas fluxes between tilled and no-till soils can be attributed to differences in physical environment.  相似文献   

不同浓度钙营养液对烟草矿质营养吸收与积累的影响   总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9  

介晓磊  刘世亮  李有田  化党领  黄元炯  刘国顺  张弘韬 《土壤通报》2005,36(4):560-563

本文采用温室水培的方法,研究了不同的钙素供应水平对烟草各种矿质养分的吸收与积累的影响。结果表明,在其它养分形态与浓度一致条件下,随着钙浓度从75mgL-1提高到900mgL-1,烟草生长量呈抛物线型变化。钙浓度为150mgL-1时烟株干物质量最大。超过150mgL-1,随钙的增加而下降,当钙素达900mgL-1(K/Ca为1/6)时,烟株生长严重受抑。随着供钙水平由低到高,烟株氮、磷、钾、锌、锰含量均呈抛物线型变化,含钙量呈直线上升关系,而镁和铜含量则随钙浓度提高而显著下降。烟株各养分积累量均随营养液钙浓度提高呈抛物线型变化,但不同养分出现最大积累量时的营养液钙浓度却不相同。不同供钙水平上烟叶中各元素含量的变化特征与全株的结果基本一致。在低钙浓度范围(75~300mgL-1),钙对钾有协合关系,增钙促进提钾,大于300mgL-1后有拮抗作用,提钙导致降钾。钙与镁、锌、铜、锰间也存在明显的交互作用。烟叶中各元素含量与积累量的变化趋势与整株基本一致。  相似文献   

Fluxes of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide from experimental excreta patches in boreal agricultural soil     

Marja Maljanen  Mika Martikkala  Perttu Virkajärvi 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2007,39(4):914-920

Nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions were measured from experimental dung and urine patches placed on boreal pasture soil during two growing seasons and one autumn period until soil freezing. N₂O emissions in situ were studied by a static chamber method. NO was measured with a dynamic chamber method using a NO analyser in situ. Mean emissions from the control plots were 47.6±4.5 μg N₂ON m⁻² h⁻¹ and 12.6±1.6 μg NON m⁻² h⁻¹. N₂O and NO emissions from urine plots (132±21.2 μg N₂ON m⁻² h⁻¹ and 51.9±7.6 μg NON m⁻² h⁻¹) were higher than those from dung plots (110.0±20.1 μg N₂ON m⁻² h⁻¹ and 14.7±2.1 μg NON m⁻² h⁻¹). There was a large temporal variation in N₂O and NO emissions. Maximum N₂O emissions were measured a few weeks after dung or urine application, whereas the maximum NO emissions were detected the following year. NO was responsible on average 14% (autumn) and 34% (summer) of total (NO+N₂O)N emissions from the pasture soil. NO emissions increased with increasing soil temperature and with decreasing soil moisture. N₂O emissions increased with increasing soil moisture, but did not correlate with soil temperature. Therefore we propose that N₂O and NO were produced mainly during different microbial processes, i.e., nitrification and denitrification, respectively. The results show that the overall conditions and mechanism especially for emissions of NO are still poorly understood but that there are differences in the mechanisms regulating N₂O and NO production.  相似文献   

Nitrification controls N₂O production rates in a frozen boreal forest soil     

Mats G. Öquist  Kevin Petrone  Leif Klemedtsson 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2007,39(7):1809-1811

The winter season has been identified as a significant contributor to N₂O emissions from boreal soils, but our understanding of the processes regulating these emissions is fragmentary. We investigated potential N-sources and pathways involved in N₂O formation in a frozen boreal forest soil by labeling soil samples with ¹⁵N-containing substrates, and measured rates of ¹⁵N₂O/¹⁵N₂ formation under both oxic and anoxic conditions. Our results showed that all N₂O produced in the frozen samples originate from denitrification, but the rate-limiting factor is NO₃⁻ availability, which is largely governed by nitrification. This suggests that N₂O formation in frozen boreal soils may be sustained for a prolonged period of time, but is governed by a delicate balance of the O₂ regime.  相似文献   

Dinitrogen and N₂O emissions in arable soils: Effect of tillage, N source and soil moisture     

Xuejun J. Liu  Arvin R. Mosier  Curtis A. Reule 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2007,39(9):2362-2370

A laboratory investigation was performed to compare the fluxes of dinitrogen (N₂), N₂O and carbon dioxide (CO₂) from no-till (NT) and conventional till (CT) soils under the same water, mineral nitrogen and temperature status. Intact soil cores (0-10 cm) were incubated for 2 weeks at 25 °C at either 75% or 60% water-filled pore space (WFPS) with ¹⁵N-labeled fertilizers (100 mg N kg⁻¹ soil). Gas and soil samples were collected at 1-4 day intervals during the incubation period. The N₂O and CO₂ fluxes were measured by a gas chromatography (GC) system while total N₂ and N₂O losses and their ¹⁵N mole fractions in the soil mineral N pool were determined by a mass spectrometer. The daily accumulative fluxes of N₂ and N₂O were significantly affected by tillage, N source and soil moisture. We observed higher (P<0.05) fluxes of N₂+N₂O, N₂O and CO₂ from the NT soils than from the CT soils. Compared with the addition of nitrate (NO₃⁻), the addition of ammonium (NH₄⁺) enhanced the emissions of these N and C gases in the CT and NT soils, but the effect of NH₄⁺ on the N₂ and/or N₂O fluxes was evident only at 60% WFPS, indicating that nitrification and subsequent denitrification contributed largely to the gaseous N losses and N₂O emission under the lower moisture condition. Total and fertilizer-induced emissions of N₂ and/or N₂O were higher (P<0.05) at 75% WFPS than with 60% WFPS, while CO₂ fluxes were not influenced by the two moisture levels. These laboratory results indicate that there is greater potential for N₂O loss from NT soils than CT soils. Avoiding wet soil conditions (>60% WFPS) and applying a NO₃⁻ form of N fertilizer would reduce potential N₂O emissions from arable soils.  相似文献   

水肥气一体化灌溉对温室辣椒地土壤N2O排放的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

雷宏军  刘欢  刘鑫  潘红卫  陈德立 《农业机械学报》2019,50(3):262-270

采用水肥气一体化灌溉可改善土壤的通气状况,影响土壤碳氮循环过程,进而影响土壤N_2O的排放。为明确施氮、增氧和灌水对温室辣椒地土壤N_2O排放的影响,设置了施氮量(300、225 kg/hm~2)、溶氧量(40、5 mg/L)和灌水量(1. 0W、0. 6W,W为充分灌溉时的灌水量) 3因素2水平试验,采用静态箱-气相色谱法监测N_2O排放通量,系统研究了水肥气一体化灌溉对温室辣椒地土壤N_2O排放的影响,并通过结构方程模型分析各影响因子对N_2O排放的定量贡献。结果表明,增氧处理、施氮量和灌水量的增加可增加温室辣椒地土壤N_2O的排放通量峰值、排放总量和单产排放量。试验中增氧条件下N_2O排放总量较对照增加了31. 90%;充分灌溉较非充分灌溉增加了43. 22%;常量施氮较减量施氮增加了33. 01%。增氧处理和灌水量的增加可提高温室辣椒的氮素利用效率,而施氮量的增加降低了温室辣椒的氮素利用效率。综合考虑作物产量、氮素利用效率和单产N_2O排放量,减量施氮非充分灌溉增氧处理是推荐的水肥气管理方案。通过结构方程模型的路径分析,土壤温度、充水孔隙度和NO3--N含量可分别解释N_2O排放的42%、60%和58%,是影响水肥气一体化灌溉的主要影响因子。  相似文献   

钙、钙调素在刺梨果实发育过程中的含量变化研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

罗充  樊卫国  刘进平  安华明 《种子》2004,23(12):6-8

为探讨Ca2 、CaM在刺梨果实发育过程中的含量变化,以贵农5号优系为试材,测定其果实发育过程中Ca2 和CaM的含量及可溶性总糖、还原糖、维生素C的含量.结果表明:刺梨果实发育过程中,Ca2 含量前期高后期低,呈逐渐下降的趋势;CaM含量呈波动状态,在果实发育的中前期,与果实发育状况之间成相互响应的曲线变化;果实发育的后期,CaM含量处于较高的水平,与此期可溶性总糖、还原糖、维生素C的高水平相对应.本文还对Ca2 、CaM在刺梨果实发育的不同阶段可能的调控机理进行了讨论.  相似文献   

外源一氧化氮对棉花种子吸胀期间耐冷性和发芽能力的影响     

杨美森  虎晓兵  罗宏海  张亚黎  张旺锋 《棉花学报》2012,24(3):265-271

 选用对温度敏感性不同的棉花品种为试验材料,研究外源一氧化氮供体硝普钠（SNP）对棉花种子吸胀期间的耐冷性及发芽力的影响。结果表明,一氧化氮引发处理棉花种子,能提高低温胁迫期间胚内过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和抗坏血酸过氧化酶（APX）活性,以及可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸（Pro）含量,降低了相对电导率及丙二醛（MDA）含量,同时显著提高发芽率,并显著缩短发芽时间。低温吸胀48 h后,与对照相比,SNP处理后种子的发芽率平均提高29.85%,发芽时间平均缩短3 d。因此,一氧化氮处理能提高棉花种子吸胀期间的耐冷性,提高低温胁迫下种子发芽能力。  相似文献