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61.
Elizabeth L. Nail Douglas L. Young William F. Schillinger 《Soil & Tillage Research》2007,94(2):321-327
Recent increases in diesel price and decreases in glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] price should favor the profitability and farmer acceptance of herbicide-intensive conservation tillage systems versus fuel-intensive traditional tillage (TT) systems. Profitability results from a long-term field experiment that compared TT, minimum tillage (MT), and delayed minimum tillage (DMT) systems for winter wheat–(Triticum aestivum L.)summer fallow in eastern Washington, USA were calculated using both 1998 and 2005 input prices. Net returns for the MT and DMT systems increased by US$ 6.37 and 6.30 (rotational ha)−1, respectively, and net returns to the TT system decreased by US$ 2.36 (rotational ha)−1 when 2005 versus 1998 prices were used. Here, rotational ha equals 0.5 ha fallow and 0.5 ha wheat. Focusing on the dominant crop of soft white winter wheat (SWWW), the 2005 price hikes pushed diesel costs up for all systems, from US$ 6.81 (rotational ha)−1 for DMT to US$ 9.00 (rotational ha)−1 for TT. The cost of diesel for the conservation tillage systems, relative to the cost for TT, decreased by US$ 1.50–2.20 (rotational ha)−1. The conservation tillage systems accrue greater savings from the price reduction in glyphosate because they consume more of this herbicide. An unanticipated result was that relative cost savings from price changes in N fertilizer rivaled those from diesel and glyphosate because anhydrous NH3–N was exclusively used in the experiment for TT and aqueous NH3–N for MT and DMT. The price of anhydrous NH3–N increased from US$ 0.55 kg−1 in 1998 to 0.85 kg−1 in 2005, a 56% increase. Aqueous NH3–N only increased from $0.75 kg−1 in 1998 to 0.85 kg−1 in 2005, a 15% increase. The greater price increase for anhydrous NH3–N penalized the TT system because of its use of this fertilizer. If the same source of N fertilizer were used on all three tillage systems, this fertilizer cost effect would disappear. Nonetheless, the conservation tillage systems still retained a statistically significant profitability advantage over TT even if the same fertilizer was used throughout. The sharp price increase for diesel and the concurrent price decrease for glyphosate herbicide favored the conservation tillage systems over TT in this study. Results provide strong evidence for the superior profitability of conservation tillage winter wheat–summer fallow under current economic conditions. 相似文献
62.
本文介绍了利用自行设计的全流式消光烟度计及监测系统对柴油机的排烟进行动态监测的方法，并根据得到的动态烟度曲线对柴油机性能进行了分析。 相似文献
63.
Yudith Viridiana Castro-Mancilla Sergio Castro-Nava José Guadalupe Martínez-Avalos 《Plant Production Science》2013,16(4):519-529
ABSTRACTOil pollution is a worldwide threat to the environment that affects the development of plants. The effect of soil contaminated by diesel on the physiological responses of seedlings of Quercus oleoides was investigated in two independent experiments. We proposed that physiological performance will decrease when seedlings are exposed to higher concentration of contamination. At the first experiment, levels of pollution with diesel were of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15%, and 0%, 2% and 3.5% in the second one. In the first experiment, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration and total chlorophyll of Q. oleoides were higher in the control seedling, and lower in treatments of pollution with 5%, 10% and 15% of diesel during 3 days of treatment. Only, seedlings in soil polluted with 5% of diesel survived up to 16 days; they showed a photosynthetic rate of 5 μmol m?2 s?1, which was lower than control seedlings (9 μmol m?2 s?1). This pattern was observed in stomatal conductance, transpiration and relative water content. Surprisingly, in the second experiment, seedlings showed a higher photosynthetic rate and growth at 2% of diesel-contaminated soil than control seedlings, a phenomenon known as hormesis. In both experiments, soil respiration was proportional to soils contaminated. We concluded that Q. oleoides is highly vulnerable in soils contaminated with above 5% of diesel, but it maintains its physiological activities in soils contaminated below 2%, suggesting that seedlings can grow under low concentration of diesel contaminant, and may be used in phytoremediation of soils with low concentrations of diesel contamination. 相似文献
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65.
利用高速频闪照相系统研究了不同的喷油嘴结构参数对燃油尾喷雾化质量的影响。试验结果表明,喷油嘴压力室容积是影响尾喷雾化质量的关键因素。传统的有压力室喷油嘴在尾喷后期有少量燃油以较低的速度呈液滴状流出喷孔,完全没有雾化;而对于无压力室喷油嘴,针阀落座时燃油喷射过程能迅速停止,未出现尾喷后期雾化质量不良的现象。据此推论,无压力室喷油嘴使柴油机HC排放降低的一个重要原因是消除或减轻了有压力室喷油嘴所存在的尾喷雾化质量不良现象。 相似文献
66.
67.
190A型农用柴油机维修性试验数据分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对１９０Ａ型农用柴油机的台架可靠性与耐久性试验中的获得的维修时间原始数据进行分析整理后,建立了柴油机整机的维修性模型,运用Ｋ－Ｓ检验法证明了柴油机的维修时间为指数分布,利用模型得出１９０Ａ型柴油机的各项维修性指标,最后讨论了柴油机整机维修策略。 相似文献
68.
69.
压缩比对二甲醚燃料均质压缩燃烧的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
在一台2135型柴油机上实现了纯DME的均质充量压缩(HCCI)燃烧方式。试验结果表明,DME的HCCI燃烧模式不但可以实现无烟燃烧,还可以有效控制发动机NOx排放,使其接近于零排放。在试验负荷范围内,CO排放随负荷增加而降低;HC排放随负荷变化不大。燃烧机理等研究表明,由于纯DME十六烷值高导致着火比较早(上止点前28°CA左右),该发动机只能在中低负荷较小范围内运行。为扩展发动机适用工况,进一步通过调节试验发动机压缩比的方法来改进和控制HCCI的燃烧。试验结果表明以上方法可以有效地控制HCCI燃烧,拓展了HCCI发动机运转范围。 相似文献
70.