Gully erosion: Impacts, factors and control   总被引：21，自引：1，他引：21  

C. Valentin  J. Poesen  Yong Li 《CATENA》2005,63(2-3):132

Gully erosion attracts increasing attention from scientists as reflected by two recent international meetings [Poesen and Valentin (Eds.), Catena 50 (2–4), 87–564; Li et al., 2004. Gully Erosion Under Global Change. Sichuan Science Technology Press, Chengu, China, 354 pp.]. This growing interest is associated with the increasing concern over off-site impacts caused by soil erosion at larger spatial scales than the cultivated plots. The objective of this paper is to review recent studies on impacts, factors and control of gully erosion and update the review on ‘gully erosion and environmental change: importance and research needs’ [Poesen et al., 2003. Catena 50 (2–4), 91–134.]. For the farmers, the development of gullies leads to a loss of crop yields and available land as well as an increase of workload (i.e. labour necessary to cultivate the land). Gullies can also change the mosaic patterns between fallow and cultivated fields, enhancing hillslope erosion in a feedback loop. In addition, gullies tend to enhance drainage and accelerate aridification processes in the semi-arid zones. Fingerprinting the origin of sediments within catchments to determine the relative contributions of potential sediment sources has become essential to identify sources of potential pollution and to develop management strategies to combat soil erosion. In this respect, tracers such as carbon, nitrogen, the nuclear bomb-derived radionuclide 137 Cs, magnetics and the strontium isotopic ratio are increasingly used to fingerprint sediment. Recent studies conducted in Australia, China, Ethiopia and USA showed that the major part of the sediment in reservoirs might have come from gully erosion.Gullies not only occur in marly badlands and mountainous or hilly regions but also more globally in soils subjected to soil crusting such as loess (European belt, Chinese Loess Plateau, North America) and sandy soils (Sahelian zone, north-east Thailand) or in soils prone to piping and tunnelling such as dispersive soils. Most of the time, the gullying processes are triggered by inappropriate cultivation and irrigation systems, overgrazing, log haulage tracks, road building and urbanization. As exemplified by recent examples from all over the world, land use change is expected to have a greater impact on gully erosion than climate change. Yet, reconstructions of historical causes of gully erosion, using high-resolution stratigraphy, archaeological dating of pottery and ¹⁴C dating of wood and charcoal, show that the main gully erosion periods identified in Europe correspond to a combination not only of deforestation and overuse of the land but also to periods with high frequency of extreme rainfall events.Many techniques have proved to be effective for gully prevention and control, including vegetation cover, zero or reduced tillage, stone bunds, exclosures, terracing and check dams. However, these techniques are rarely adopted by farmers in the long run and at a larger spatial scale because their introduction is rarely associated with a rapid benefit for the farmers in terms of an increase in land or labour productivity and is often contingent upon incentives.  相似文献   

The impact of environmental change on the intensity and spatial pattern of water erosion in a semi-arid mountainous Andean environment     

Veerle Vanacker  Gerard Govers  Jean Poesen  Jozef Deckers  Gerd Dercon  George Loaiza 《CATENA》2003,51(3-4):329-347

Aerial photographs taken in 1976 and 1989 and a field survey in 1999 showed that land use in a 900-ha catchment in the southern part of the Ecuadorian Andes is highly dynamic. Over 23 years, ca. 83 ha of arable land was abandoned and ca. 70 ha was taken into agricultural production. Changes in land use were not spatially homogeneous. Parcels on unstable geologic formations and close to village centres were preferably set-aside. Land taken into cultivation was preferably located on gently sloping areas close to newly built sites and arterial roads. The area with bush vegetation increased by regeneration of natural vegetation on fields set-aside in the late 1970s and early 1980s. There was a complex interaction between water erosion and environmental change in the study area. Land taken into production was levelled for furrow irrigation: this led to a net reduction in the area susceptible to water erosion. However, one quarter of the area affected only by sheet and rill erosion 23 years ago has since become incised by deep gullies. This increase in gully density was related to inadequate construction and management of irrigation infrastructure, rather than to change in vegetation cover and/or soil erodibility caused by agricultural practices. This factor is often overlooked in studies of the effects of environmental change on geomorphologic processes.  相似文献   

黑土区坡耕地侵蚀沟发育机理   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

唐莉  孟令钦  张锋 《安徽农业科学》2012,40(2):819-821,827

对黑土区5个小流域开展侵蚀沟调查,分析了侵蚀沟的分布和形态特性,发现侵蚀沟主要发生在坡耕地上。通过对垄作的汇流进行计算,发现造成沟蚀快速发展的原因之一是坡耕地实行单一的横坡垄作。因此,在东北黑土区采取水土保持综合措施可防止坡耕地水土流失。  相似文献   

基于LSTM神经网络模拟的陇中黄土高原沟壑区保护性耕作下土壤贮水量变化     

王钧  李广  刘强 《中国生态农业学报》2019,27(8):1226-1237

为分析陇中黄土高原沟壑区不同保护性耕作措施的贮水效果,本研究利用春小麦/豌豆（W/P）、豌豆/春小麦（P/W）轮作的长期定位试验,分别设置传统耕作（T）、免耕（NT）、传统耕作秸秆覆盖（TS）和免耕覆盖（NTS）4种耕作措施,以当地月平均气温、月降水量、月平均辐射量、月平均蒸发量、月作物耗水量为输入因子,以月土壤贮水量为输出,建立基于长短期记忆（Long Short-Term Memory,LSTM）神经网络的土壤贮水量预测模型,并对该模型的有效性进行评估。研究结果表明：1）基于LSTM神经网络建立的土壤贮水量模型对陇中黄土高原沟壑区保护性耕作下土壤贮水量预测具有较好的适用性,模型模拟结果的平均均方根误差为7.76 mm,平均绝对误差为6.95 mm,相对误差控制在-5%~+5%的范围内。2） P/W轮作序列中各处理的土壤贮水量均比W/P轮作序列增加1.09%~1.43%。3）不同轮作序列,NTS处理的贮水效果均优于其他3种耕作措施,在W/P轮作序列中,NTS处理的年均土壤贮水量比T、NT和TS分别增加2.89%、1.70%和2.46%;在P/W轮作序列中,NTS处理的年均土壤贮水量比T、NT和TS分别增加3.03%、1.91%和2.57%。4）不同降水年型,NTS处理的土壤贮水量最高,且干旱年效果更加显著,其中丰水年NTS处理的土壤贮水量比T、NT和TS平均增加2.71%、1.48%和2.19%,而干旱年平均增加3.97%、2.54%和3.64%。5）保护性耕作措施的贮水效果随季节发生变化,作物生长前期（3-5月）保护性耕作措施的贮水优势较为明显,进入作物生长旺盛期（5-6月）保护性耕作措施与传统耕作的贮水效果差异不显著,而作物生长后期（7月）保护性耕作措施较传统耕作土壤贮水量明显增加。基于LSTM神经网络模拟环境下免耕覆盖的贮水保墒效果最好,为陇中黄土高原沟壑区最适宜的保护性耕作措施。  相似文献   

Gully and sheet erosion on subtropical mountain slopes: Their respective roles and the scale effect   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

L. Descroix  J.L. Gonzlez Barrios  D. Viramontes  J. Poulenard  E. Anaya  M. Esteves  J. Estrada 《CATENA》2008,72(3):325-339

As most mountains in tropical and subtropical zones, the Western Sierra Madre suffers active present erosion, which may create some constraints to the social and economic development in the area.The objectives of this study of soil degradation in the Western Sierra Madre, are to determine the respective roles of gully and sheet erosion. This research is based on field observations, field measurements of runoff and, soil losses at the plot, as well as the watershed scales as an analysis of an exhaustive census of the few gullies located in an experimental area.Measured soil losses in the Western Sierra Madre are high although there are few gullies. Most of the sediment yield seems to originate in widespread degraded areas where stoniness is the main evidence of a previous stage of erosion. Previously overgrazing and deforestation were determined as the factors of the appearance of new soil surface characteristics which explain the high runoff and sediment productions. The soil compacted by cattle trampling reduces infiltration. The decrease of the vegetation cover triggers a rise in the splash effect and thus, a soil sealing.These processes induce an increase in runoff and soil losses. The main erosion type has been described as sheet erosion: it is characterised by the removal of fine soil particles and the remains of gravels, pebbles and blocks, which constitute a pavement on the soil. Gullies generally appear on the bottom of wide valleys and depressions, where soils are thick. It is shown that sheet erosion is two orders of magnitude higher than gully erosion at the hillslope scale.Due to the spatial distribution of land use and the geological context such as the heavily degraded areas close to the main rivers, the reduction of runoff and soil loss rates within the extension of a considered area, commonly observed in hydrology, only applies up to the elementary catchments scale (1 to 50 km²). Above this area, runoff coefficient and soil loss rates increase.  相似文献   

The multiple land degradation effects caused by land-use intensification in tropical steeplands: A catchment study from northern Thailand     

F. Turkelboom  J. Poesen  G. Trébuil 《CATENA》2008

The strongly incised mountain landscape of northern Thailand has changed dramatically during the last few decades due to increased population pressure, agricultural commercialization, limitation to use old fallows and reforestation of upper catchments. The traditional shifting cultivation with fallow periods of 7 years and longer was gradually replaced by 1 to 4 year fallow periods. As a result, in high population areas the landscape became dominated by fields planted to rainfed upland crops, wetland rice terraces, fallow vegetation, and patches of secondary forest. This new land-use system seems to have triggered new land degradation processes that are easy to observe when travelling through this landscape.  相似文献   

长武王东试验区道路侵蚀及其防治途径     

郑世清  周佩华  刘元保 《水土保持研究》1990,(2):40-44

本文通过野外调查、航片判读、野外人工径流冲刷试验,并结合土壤容重室内试验资料,对影响道路侵蚀的因素进行了综合分析。道路侵蚀是导致高原沟壑区沟头迅速延伸、地形更加破碎的主要原因之一,因此,以道路侵蚀防治为中心,并采用一系列综合防治措施是搞好本区域土壤保持工作的重点。  相似文献   

渭北高原沟谷侵蚀初探     

刘秉正  翟明柱  吴法啟 《水土保持研究》1990,(2):25-33

本文通过淳化县泥河沟等三条沟谷的调查、航片判读和定位观测,分析了渭北高原沟谷侵蚀的主要类型和分布、沟谷发展、侵蚀和输移变化,以及沟谷侵蚀的分带规律,并提出治理方略。  相似文献   

Prediction of existing gully erosion in vineyard parcels of the NE Spain: a logistic modelling approach     

A. Meyer  J. A. Martínez-Casasnovas   《Soil & Tillage Research》1999,50(3-4)

This paper presents a study of determining factors and a method to predict the existence of gully erosion in vineyard parcels. The Alt Penedès-Anoia region (Catalonia, NE Spain), mainly dedicated to the cropping of vineyards for high quality wine production, was selected as the case study area. Single factors related to the existence of gully erosion were determined by means of statistical tests (Student's t-test and chi-square). The existence of gully erosion was predicted by means of a multivariate procedure. A stepwise selection of variables (relief, soil, land use/management characteristics) was performed, which allowed the identification of factors that present a significant relationship with the existence of gully erosion. The selected factors, slope degree and planar slope form, were considered as independent variables in a logistic regression of binary response. The model computes the probability that gullies exist in given vineyard parcels, and it can be implemented in a raster-based geographical information system (GIS). The assessment of the model in 52 parcels, different from the training data set, yielded an overall accuracy of 84.6%. The predictive model can be applied for areas with similar conditions, but the modelling approach can be applied in other different areas.  相似文献   

汶川地震后肖家沟泥石流活动特征与灾害防治   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张钰  陈晓清  游勇  李昆 《水土保持通报》2014,(5):284-289

肖家沟是汶川地震震中映秀镇近邻的一条典型泥石流沟,位于渔子溪河左侧,沟域面积7.19 km²,沟床平均纵比降为485‰。"5·12"地震后该沟多次暴发泥石流。2010年8月14日,肖家沟暴发特大规模泥石流,一次冲出物方量约6.50×10⁵ m,堵塞渔子溪,堰塞湖溃决后造成洪水灾害。肖家沟泥石流物源条件非常丰富,地区降水充沛,危险性巨大,一旦发生泥石流,直接威胁S₃₀₃映秀段公路,造成交通中断;若发生大规模泥石流堵塞渔子溪形成堰塞体,堰塞体溃决之后,大量泥沙被洪水带至下游,抬高河床,将对下游映秀镇产生严重的洪水灾害。目前肖家沟沟域内共有松散固体物源量5.22×10⁶ m³,可参与泥石流活动的动储量为2.01×10⁶ m³。以肖家沟泥石流形成条件为基础,分析震后连续发生的泥石流类型与活动特征,并以此为依据探讨了肖家沟泥石流治理的简要思路。  相似文献