有机肥施用量对残塬沟壑区苹果园土壤优先流特征的影响   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

孟凡旭  王树森  马迎梅  张淑媛  秦富仓  罗于洋  王迪海  郭宇  郭向东  程冀文  张娜  张平 《土壤》2020,52(6):1272-1280

为了研究有机肥施用量对残塬沟壑区苹果园土壤优先流特征的影响,以残塬沟壑区苹果园为研究对象,采用室外染色示踪法结合形态学和统计学方法,对永寿县苹果园土壤垂直染色剖面进行定量分析,使用均方差决策法综合各优先流特征指标对0 kg/hm²(CK)、6000 kg/hm²(T1)、9000 kg/hm²(T2)、1 2000 kg/hm²(T3)四种不同有机肥施用量苹果园土壤优先流特征进行研究。结果表明：(1)不同有机肥施用量样地土壤染色面积比随土壤深度的变化状况均与Logistic曲线拟合程度较好,决定系数R²均大于0.986。(2)选用的优先流特征指标中基质流入渗深度、优先流分数、变异系数和分形维数与均方差决策法计算出的优先流发育程度结果一致,优先流发展程度表现为T3>T2>T1>CK。但有平均最大入渗深度、优先流区染色面积比和长度指数在评价优先流程度中结果有些偏差,表现为T3>T2>CK>T1。(3)利用均方差决策法得到的优先流指数由大到小为：T3(0.75)、T2(0.59)、T1(0.27)、CK(0.25)。随着施肥量的增加,优先流程度也随之增加。研究可以为土壤优先流特征综合评价提供参考,并为残塬沟壑区果园制定合理的施肥措施提供依据。  相似文献   

Effects of land use and landscape on spatial distribution and morphological features of gullies in an agropastoral area in Sardinia (Italy)   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Claudio Zucca  Annalisa Canu  Raniero Della Peruta 《CATENA》2006,68(2-3):87

According to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), soil erosion is one of the main causes of desertification in the Northern Mediterranean. Recently, the role of channelled erosion in sediment delivery has been underlined by several studies. The aim of this paper is to describe a simplified experimental methodology settled up for studying the relationships between gully erosion and land use.The experimental site, which is wide about 720 ha, is located in a hilly area threatened by desertification in Central Eastern Sardinia (Italy). This area is characterised by irregular morphology with steep slopes, where agropastoral activities, particularly tillage with heavy machinery and overgrazing, are causing severe soil erosion and compromising agricultural productivity. Previous studies carried out in the same area highlighted the need to quantify and monitor soil erosion in order to outline management guidelines for farmers. In this study, an integrated methodology that uses aerial photographs and field surveys was applied to inventory the gullies of the area. The degree of activity and morphological characteristics of gullies were assessed in the field by measuring the position and shape of gully heads, and their width and depth. Total gully volume was also estimated. Relationships among distribution, density and morphological characteristics of gullies, and geomorphological features, land use and land use historical dynamics of the area have been studied. The results show the very significant impact of agricultural activities on gully activity and density.  相似文献   

The topographic thresholds of hillslope incisions in southwestern Rwanda     

Jan Moeyersons   《CATENA》2003,50(2-4):381-400

This article presents new quantitative evidence that land use in Rwanda contributes to the development of hillslope incisions.Two types of hillslope incisions can be distinguished in southern Rwanda. Incisions of the first type drain an area depending on the form and extension on the natural topography and geology. The Runyinya gully (25°) and the Rugabano soil slippage (39°) are two examples. On a logarithmic plot of critical slope inclination at the incision head versus drainage area towards the incision head, both incisions lay sensibly to the right of the Montgomery–Dietrich (M-D) envelope. The latter gives the range of these topographical thresholds for gully and mass-wasting incision in parts of North America. The Runyinya and Rugabano cases obey the linear equation:where S_cr=critical slope gradient (tangent of slope in °) at the gully head or the scar and A=the area (ha) drained towards the incision head.Hillslope incisions of the second group rely on a run-on area larger than normal because they are localised at the ‘outlet’ of artificially runoff-collecting systems like roads, soil conservational contour trenches, tracks and other linear landscape elements. Such systems often drain a surface much larger in extension than the natural run-on area to the ‘outlet.’ These hillslope incisions, taking into account their artificially big drainage area, concentrate more or less along the line:This line is about in the center of the Montgomery–Dietrich envelope. If, however, only the natural drainage area of these ‘outlet’ incisions is taken into account, all points fall close to the left border or even to the left of the Montgomery–Dietrich envelope. This indicates a much higher probability for incision in those localities receiving supplementary runoff or interflow from outside the natural drainage area. In the case of a soil slippage at Rwaza Hill, detailed stability calculations show that the slope failure should be due to excessive water infiltration into the bottom of a trench. The digging of the trench provoked an increase in the area drained to the slippage head by a factor of 6.The phenomenon of ‘forward’ erosion is compatible with the existence of threshold combinations of slope and drained area. For slopes steeper than 7–8°, the phase of regressive erosion does often follow the forward incision event with a delay of several years or more.Finally, the scanty data set now available for Rwanda suggests that the drainage area critical to hillslope incision on the red-brown ferrallitic soils in Rwanda might be nearly twice as big as those in North America.  相似文献   

黄土高原沟壑区苹果园土壤剖面水分及矿质氮分布特征   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

路远  党廷辉  成琦 《水土保持学报》2021,35(2):106-112,121

面对苹果园大量施肥带来的潜在环境问题,在黄土高原沟壑区典型流域,分别选取不同树龄和地貌类型的苹果园,分析土壤水分含量和土壤矿质氮在土体剖面中的变化,为促进该流域农业发展提供相关数据支持。在陕西长武县王东沟流域,分别选取不同树龄(14,18,23,28,32树龄)和地貌类型(塬、梁、坡地)的果园,用直径为4 cm的土钻,在每株果树周围距离树干1 m处,采集15个不同样地0—400 cm土层样品,12个果园样地0—600 cm土层样品,分别测定土壤水分、硝态氮、铵态氮含量。结果表明:随着树龄的增加,0—600 cm土壤含水量和贮水量出现明显下降,尤其在300—600 cm处,不同树龄果园贮水量差异显著(P<0.05),贮水量大小表现为18树龄>23树龄>32树龄。流域内各树龄果园各土层铵态氮含量均较低,对矿质氮在土体中的分布基本不构成影响;硝态氮含量较高,矿质氮在土壤中的分布主要受其影响。各果园不同树龄600 cm以上土层硝态氮含量变化幅度较大,且硝态氮主要分布在土层深处。坡地果园18,23,32树龄0—200 cm土层硝态氮累积总量分别占0—400 cm土层累积总量的50%,41%和38%,表现出土壤硝态氮随树龄的增长而向深层累积的趋势。3种地貌类型下硝态氮累积量都表现出随果园树龄增长而增加的特点。黄土高原沟壑区果园土壤深层干燥化和硝态氮累积现象明显,而且随着果园树龄的增加趋于严重。  相似文献   

北京山区典型低频泥石流特征及危险性研究   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0  

张嫱  马超  杨海龙  王志刚  涂剑 《北京林业大学学报》2015,37(12):92-99

通过2015年3月对北京密云水库上游白马关河流域内黄梁根桥沟现场调查,收集该区历史上泥石流灾害事件资料,对该沟的物源特征、降雨激发条件进行了分析;参考该区域其他泥石流沟的堆积物,分别进行了泥石流的密度、流速、流量和总量计算;最后对该沟的泥石流潜在危险性进行了分析,并提出了相应的减灾对策,可为该沟以及该区域其他低频率泥石流防治、预测预报提供参考。结果表明:黄梁根桥沟内物源总量为17.99万m3,大部分堆积在斜坡坡脚,严重挤压主沟道。短历时降雨是该沟以及该区泥石流暴发的主要激发条件,当暴雨强度在31.79~40.20 mm/h时,泥石流暴发可能性较大。受物源体影响,该沟为稀性泥石流沟,流速接近5.0 m/s;20年一遇暴雨条件下洪峰流量为187.41 m3/s,一次固体总量为6.82万m3,超过沟口目前的拦挡坝库容。   相似文献   

黄土丘陵沟壑区植被恢复过程中物种组成及多样性   总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4  

莫保儒  蔡国军  赵廷宁  于洪波  邹天福  柴春山  王子婷 《草业科学》2010,27(2):48-53

通过小流域内不同生境条件下的植被调查,研究了半干旱黄土丘陵沟壑区植被恢复过程中的物种组成和植物多样性。结果表明:各植物种占总数比例为多年生草本一年生草本灌木乔木;阳坡灌木作用较大,半阳坡和半阴坡乔木树种与灌木树种作用相近,阴坡明显以乔木树种作用占优势;不同人工林类型之间植物多样性不存在显著差异,而立地条件是影响植物多样性的主要因素,人们对退耕地的经营活动,不利于生物多样性恢复。  相似文献   

黄土高塬沟壑区退耕地土壤抗冲性及其与影响因素的关系   总被引：11，自引：2，他引：9  

郭明明  王文龙  史倩华  陈同德  李建明  康宏亮  朱宝才  李艳富 《农业工程学报》2016,32(10):129-136

为了评价退耕地土壤抗冲性的变化,该文以黄土高塬沟壑区自然退耕农地为研究对象,通过径流小区冲刷法对不同覆盖度塬面退耕地(TAL,table-land abandoned land)和沟头退耕地(GAL,gully-head abandoned land)土壤抗冲性进行了研究。结果表明,1)与对照(Ⅰ)相比,TAL和GAL处理水稳性团聚体、根系密度和根系生物量均显著增加(P0.05),覆盖度大于0时,崩解速率显著减小44.87%~79.16%和33.79%~70.65%,有机质显著增加70.12%~222.70%和59.20%~194.88%,覆盖度最大时,土壤容重和渗透系数才显著减小和增大。2)TAL处理0覆盖度小区抗冲系数(AS,anti-scouribility)较对照无差异,其余覆盖度则显著增大2.31~7.57倍,GAL处理AS较对照显著增大0.99~7.12倍,覆盖度越大,根系提高土壤抗冲性能的效果越显著。3)TAL和GAL处理AS分别与容重、崩解速率、水稳性团聚体含量、渗透系数均呈极显著指数函数关系,与有机质含量、根系生物量及根系密度均呈极显著线性函数关系。水稳性团聚体是影响塬面和沟头退耕地土壤抗冲性的关键因子。结果可为研究区退耕还林还草工程生态功能评价及水土流失治理提供理论依据。  相似文献   

A non-linear technique based on fractal method for describing gully-head changes associated with land-use in an arid environment in China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Xiaodan Wang  Xianghao Zhong  Shuzhen Liu  Mai-He Li 《CATENA》2008

Only few studies have focused on quantifying and/or modeling changes in gully-head shape. The present paper proposed a non-linear technique based on fractal method for describing gully-head changes quantitatively, and carried out a case study in the Yuanmou Basin in the Longchuan River Valley, Yunnan Province, southwest China. Seventy-seven gullies under 5 different land-uses were investigated in 1998 and again in 2002. For the study period, the gully-head retreat rate in different land-uses showed a decreasing order BL (bare land) > FL (farmland for only crops) > OC (mixture of orchards and crops) > FG (combination of forest and grass) > FSG (combination of forest, shrubs and grass). Correspondingly, the three proposed fractal characteristics (the fractal curvature P_τ, ΔP_τ = change in the fractal curvature P_τ, ΔD = change in the fractal dimension D) of the gully-heads followed the same order BL > FL > OC > FG > FSG, also. These findings suggested that the three parameters (P_τ, ΔP_τ, ΔD) proposed can sensitively reflect the gully-head changes associated with land-use, and may be used as feasible parameters for understanding and predicting gully development under land-use change and global change.  相似文献   

西藏更张沟高山松的天然更新   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

陈端 《林业科学》1991,27(4):465-469

西藏更张沟距林芝地区(八一新村)西35km,地理位置是东经94°05′,北纬29°44′。该沟为泥石流冲击而成,由西南向东北延伸达30km,从海拔3120m上升到3700—4000m,面积约20km~2(包括两边山坡)。气候状况参考林芝县(海拔3000m,距更张沟53km)气象资料,年平均温度8.5℃,≥10℃积温2262.8℃,1月平均气温0.2℃,7月平均气温15.5℃,年降水量654.1mm,年蒸发量1697.2mm,相对湿度63％,年日照时数2022.2,无霜期195.2天。  相似文献   

黄土丘陵沟壑区不同年限苜蓿地土壤水稳性团聚体分布特征及稳定性研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

海龙  姚拓  张春红  张文明  李林芝  路永莉 《干旱地区农业研究》2020,38(5):51-56

为了探索种植苜蓿对土壤质量的影响,选取黄土高原丘陵沟壑区3、7、12 a和18 a生苜蓿草地0～60 cm土层土壤为研究对象,以农田为对照（CK）,采用湿筛法研究了不同种植年限苜蓿草地土壤团聚体分布特征及其稳定性。结果表明：黄土丘陵沟壑区土壤水稳性团聚体组成随着粒径减小呈阶梯式递增态势,增幅为1.22%～61.43%,以＜0.25 mm的微团聚体占据优势级别,其比例达60.83%～79.72%。当农田更替为苜蓿草地后,在0～20 cm土层,随种植年限增加至12 a,土壤团聚化递增趋势明显,＞2 mm、1～2 mm、0.5～1 mm和0.25～0.5 mm粒径的土壤水稳性团聚体分别为农田对照的2.03～2.75倍、1.98～2.72倍、1.31～1.65倍和1.15～1.36倍;平均重量直径（MWD）、几何平均直径（GMD）在0～20 cm土层均表现为12 a＞18 a＞7 a＞3 a＞CK,变化范围分别为0.34～0.70和0.18～0.26;分形维数（D）变化虽然较小,但在0～20 cm土层也呈现出了不同年限苜蓿草地均小于农田的规律性,变化范围为2.31～2.43。相关分析表明,＞0.25 mm粒径水稳性团聚体含量（WSAP_0.25）、MWD、GMD均与土壤总有机碳（TOC）含量呈显著正相关,而土壤黏粒、碳酸钙含量与土壤水稳性团聚体各指标间相关性均不显著。研究结果表明,有机质是黄土丘陵沟壑区土壤团聚的主要胶结物质,种植苜蓿能促进土壤团聚体形成,增强团聚体稳定性。  相似文献