河西内陆区水安全及保障体系     

段文典  张新民 《水土保持研究》2007,14(6):253-255

通过对水安全概念的描述,分析了河西内陆区水资源的利用及其安全现状,同时针对河西内陆区的具体概况,提出了内陆区水资源安全的区域经济发展模式、生态环境建设模式、水安全的水资源利用措施和水安全保障措施。  相似文献   

Irrigation practices may affect denitrification more than nitrogen mineralization in warm climatic conditions     

M. Valé  B. Mary  E. Justes 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,43(6):641-651

Predicting the impact of irrigation practices on soil N mineralization and N balance is an important issue to optimize N fertilization and reduce the N losses towards the environment. The effect of summer irrigation on N dynamics was investigated in two arable fields in Southern France. Net N mineralization was assessed by combining frequent measurements of water and mineral N contents in soil and the use of a calculation model (LIXIM). It was first calculated assuming that denitrification was negligible. This hypothesis led to inconsistent results, apparent net N mineralized being smaller under irrigated than non-irrigated conditions and net mineralization kinetics being erratic. The occurrence of denitrification was confirmed by the use of ¹⁵NO₃ tracing in an experiment carried out in summer, including three irrigated treatments. The average ¹⁵N recovery varied from 45% to 85% and was smallest in the most frequently irrigated treatment. Over the 8-week experiment, the N losses varied from 30 to 38 kg ha⁻¹ in the irrigated treatments. They were satisfactorily simulated by a simple denitrification model (NEMIS). Combining the LIXIM model and the simulated or calculated denitrification allowed to predict satisfactorily the evolution of soil mineral N accounting for the effects of temperature and moisture. The net N mineralized for 8 weeks varied from 34 kg N ha⁻¹ in the un-irrigated to 46 kg N ha⁻¹ in the irrigated treatments. The drying–rewetting cycles did not induce a flush of N mineralization. Our results suggest that denitrification has to be accounted for in irrigated systems, particularly in warm conditions and when the topsoil contains high nitrate contents.  相似文献   

沙质农田表层土壤水分扩散率测定及氯化钴试纸的应用研究     

刘新平赵哈林  何玉惠张铜会  岳广阳赵玮 单丽 《土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报》2007,21(6):147-150

非饱和土壤水分扩散率是研究土壤水分运动规律必不可少的基本参数之一。本文应用水平土柱入渗法测定了科尔沁沙地沙质农田表层土壤的非饱和水分扩散率,并对氯化钴试纸在测定水分扩散率中的应用作了初步尝试和研究。主要结论如下：沙质农田表层土壤湿润锋迁移速率随着入渗距离的增大而减小,呈幂函数关系;波尔兹曼参数与土壤含水量呈直线关系;土壤水分扩散率与土壤含水量之间的关系,符合经验公式并呈指数函数变化。在应用水平土柱法测定非饱和土壤水分扩散率的过程中,氯化钴试纸法可以用于测定湿润锋的位置,特别是在高土壤含水量时,相比目视法而言更能显示其优势,在一定程度上可以提高测定结果的可靠性。  相似文献   

The effect of land cover/vegetation on soil water dynamic in the hilly area of the loess plateau,China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Liding Chen  Zhilin Huang  Jie Gong  Bojie Fu  Yilong Huang 《CATENA》2007

Severe soil and water loss has lead to widespread land degradation in China's loess plateau. During the past decades, a great deal of effort was made on vegetation restoration to reduce soil and water loss in the loess plateau. However, due to water shortage the efficiency of vegetation restoration was not as satisfactory as expected. As part of a vegetation restoration project, we conducted research aiming to understand the relationship between vegetation pattern and soil water dynamics. The goal was to find vegetation types appropriate for the loess plateau with scarce water resources. In 1986, fifteen plots of land were planted with five vegetation types: pine woodland, shrubland, sloping cropland, alfalfa and semi-natural grassland. Soil water content, runoff, soil erosion were measured for each plot. Environmental variables, such as rainfall, evaporation and temperature, were recorded simultaneously by an automated meteorological station. The relationship between land cover pattern and soil water dynamic was evaluated by using statistical models. We found that: (1) soil water loss occurred during the growing season, and it reached the maximum in the second half of July; (2) soil water was not fully replenished from rainfall during the rainy season; (3) pine woodland induced the largest water loss to surface runoff, followed by sloping cropland, alfalfa, semi-natural grassland and shrubland; the poor capability of pine woodland for water conservation may be attributed to soil compaction and poor ground coverage under the tree; (4) in most cases, soil water of the five vegetation types was low except for shrubland and semi-natural grassland where it was moderate-high during a few periods. These conditions inhibit sustainable vegetation growth in the semi-arid loess hilly area of the loess plateau, China.  相似文献   

山西省水资源问题及其可持续利用   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

段喜明  李靖  吴普特 《水土保持通报》2005,25(3):88-91

介绍了山西水资源的基本情况。在此基础上,对山西的节水成就与经验进行了分析,指出了山西省水资源开发利用方面存在的问题和原因。为从根本上解决山西日益严重的水资源危机,对"节流"与"开源"的现实意义进行了探讨。秉承进一步合理利用山西有限水资源的宗旨,提出了山西今后在进行水资源规划和管理方面,应遵循的科学方法,以实现山西水资源的可持续利用。  相似文献   

黑河流域水资源开发对生态环境的影响   总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9  

任建华 《水土保持通报》2005,25(4):94-96

河西走廊中部黑河流域是我国重要的商品粮、蔬菜和经济作物生产基地之一,也是我国内陆河流域近30a来受人为经济活动影响最强烈的地区之一。黑河中游水土资源过度开发,导致黑河下游出现了严重生态环境问题,已威胁到整个流域的生态安全和国防建设的环境保障。主要表现在河道断流加剧,湖泊干渴,地下水位下降;天然林面积大幅度减少;草地严重退化;土地沙漠化和沙尘暴危害加剧等。黑河流域水资源开发对生态环境影响问题已经受到了国家的高度重视和全社会的广泛关注,黑河流域当前实施的节约用水和合理分配水资源,是保护黑河流域生态环境的根本性措施之一。  相似文献   

水资源可持续发展中政府管制的作用分析   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3  

罗慧  王梅华  杜继稳  赵海峰  寇晓梅 《水土保持通报》2005,25(5):94-99

水资源可持续发展主要指在一定的生态环境区域内,满足生态基流量需求,保证包括人类在内的生命所依赖的水资源水量和水质服务的持续性。以陕北黄土高原为例,通过博弈特征的分析,以及静态和演化博弈说明了政府管制的必要性。进一步阐明政府管制的具体作用:确保水资源可持续发展的基流量、分配初始水权、集中配置和公平的作用等等。最后指出了政府管制的风险和应对措施。  相似文献   

晋南人工刺槐林需水量计算及分析   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

马义虎陈丽华  余新晓 《水土保持研究》2005,12(6):89-91

根据气象资料，运用彭曼公式（Penman’s formula）和桑斯维特公式（Thornthwaita’s formula），计算并分析了晋南黄土高原刺槐林的潜在蒸散量；结合2，3，5，7，13年生刺槐的耗水特性系数，计算得出其生长季（5-10月份）的需水量和需水总量；最后分析了刺槐林地水分供需状况。其结果显示，在晋南黄土高原，5年生以下的刺槐普遍能适应当地水分状况，而7年生以上的刺槐，由于缺乏水分，生长普遍受到抑制。以此提出，在水分条件较好的沟谷地、阴坡和半阴坡可营造刺槐用材林，在水分条件较差的半阳坡和阳坡可营造刺槐生态公益林。  相似文献   

基于水量调控防治艾比湖流域沙尘天气灾害的设想     

刘晓  陈正江高凡 《水土保持研究》2005,12(6):92-94

针对艾比湖流域生态环境灾害，分析其成灾原因及发生规律。从改变水量分配时间格局的角度，分析入湖水量季节调控的可行性并提出实施方案。具体为通过人工引、蓄水设施将秋、冬季入湖地表径流蓄积起来，在春季大风、沙尘多发季节注入湖中，减少此时沙尘天气的发生。确定春季所需补充的水量，先以湖区地形图为基础建立湖区数字高程矩阵，然后回归计算湖面面积与湖水体积对应函数，此时根据实测的当年春季湖面面积即可算出达到预定湖面面积所需水量。按照此方案修建人工引、蓄水设施并实施调控后，既可以治理流域沙尘天气，又可最大限度节省水资源。  相似文献   

孪井灌区包气带水分运移的数值模拟     

曹显春  林国庆 《水土保持研究》2005,12(6):113-115,128

为防止盆地低洼处出现盐渍化、节约水资源,用数值模拟和田间中子仪试验相结合的方法,研究了内蒙古孪井灌区包气带的水分运移规律.数学模拟结果与田间实测土壤含水率吻合良好.在此基础上模拟计算出漫灌与喷灌条件下不同灌溉量和不同蒸发量对水分运移的影响以及水分随时间在深度上的分布情况,结果表明1200m/hm2喷灌定额下得农田水分无效消耗最小,从而得出节水高产的喷灌灌溉模式.  相似文献