机械化深施肥技术及推广     

胡旺胜 《湖南农机》2016,(1)

机械化深施肥技术是作物施肥作业的技术创新,可提高作业效率、肥料利用率和作物产量.但机械化深施肥技术要达到普及推广,还须采取多种措施:加大推广示范和政策扶持力度,加强深施肥技术的农机与农艺配套研究,研究制定机械施肥作业技术标准;农机制造企业要提高产品性能和质量,提高设备使用的可靠性;同时,化肥生产企业也应参与研究,共同开发与深施技术配套的肥料.  相似文献   

Design and Experiment of Slave Computer Control System for Applying Variable-rate Liquid Fertilizer     

Zhang Ying-zi  Chen Hai-tao  Hou Shou-yin  Ji Wen-yi  Ouyang Bin-lin  Dun Guo-qiang  Zhang Ji-cheng 《东北农业大学学报(英文版)》2015,(2):73-79

In order to increase the applying rate of liquid fertilizer and reduce environmental pollution, a slave computer control system for applying variable-rate liquid fertilizer was designed. The system used SMC as core processor and electrically controlled pressure regulator as execution component. The characteristic equation of the system was obtained by using classical control theory. Results indicated that the characteristic equation met the requirements of routh-criterion, which indicated the working process of the system was stable. Performance of the slave computer was verified via bench tests. Results demonstrated that there was no significant influence on the response from interclass error. The fertilization error was less than 0.9, and the fertilization accuracy was larger than 97%. The liquid fertilizer emitted by the fertilizing devices had no significant difference in uniformity, which met the demands of the slave computer control system for applying variable-rate liquid fertilizer.  相似文献   

Response of the soil fungal community to multi-factor environmental changes in a temperate forest     

《Applied soil ecology》2014

Both environmental and climatic changes are known to influence soil microbial biomes in terrestrial ecosystems. However, there are limited data defining the interactive effects of multi-factor environmental disturbances, including N-deposition, precipitation, and air temperature, on soil fungal communities in temperate forests. A 3-year outdoor pot experiment was conducted to examine the temporal shifts of soil fungal communities in a temperate forest following N-addition, precipitation and air temperature changes. The shifts in the structure and composition of soil fungal communities were characterized by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and DNA sequencing. N-addition regimen induced significant alterations in the composition of soil fungal communities, and this effect was different at both higher and lower altitudes. The response of the soil fungal community to N-addition was much stronger in precipitation-reduced soils compared to soils experiencing enhanced precipitation. The combined treatment of N-addition and reduced precipitation caused more pronounced changes in the lower altitude versus those in the higher one. Certain fungal species in the subphylum Pezizomycotina and Saccharomycotina distinctively responded to N fertilization and soil water control at both altitudes. Redundancy discrimination analysis showed that changes in environmental factors and soil physicochemical properties explained 43.7% of the total variability in the soil fungal community at this forest ecosystem. Variations in the soil fungal community were significantly related to the altitude, soil temperature, total soil N content (TN) and pH value (P < 0.05). We present evidence for the interactive effects of N-addition, water manipulation and air temperature to reshape soil fungal communities in the temperate forest. Our data could provide new insights into predicting the response of soil micro-ecosystem to climatic changes.  相似文献   

不同施肥处理对“稻花香”食味的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

田南南  郭海峰  生华  孙跃飞  刘建 《中国稻米》2016,(6):30-33

以"稻花香"为供试材料,研究了不同施肥处理(T1,常规处理;T2,豆饼处理;T3,豆饼+麦饭石处理)对稻米食味品质的影响。结果表明,T3处理的整精米率高于T1和T2处理,垩白粒率表现为T3T2T1,而碎米率表现为T3T2T1。从稻米的成分来看,蛋白质含量表现为T1T2T3的倾向,3种处理的直链淀粉含量无显著差异,T3处理的评分极显著高于T1和T2处理,T1和T2处理间差异不显著。淀粉糊化特性方面,最高粘度表现为T2T3T1,崩解值表现为T3T2T1,而消减值表现为T3T2T1。品尝试验中,3个处理在米饭外观上的差异不明显,T2、T3处理的香气与T1处理存在显著差异,T2、T3处理的综合评价值极显著高于T1处理。T2处理的味道、粘度和硬度与T1处理差异不显著,而T3处理的味道和粘度与T1处理存在显著差异。  相似文献   

Sugar beet rotation effects on soil organic matter and calculated humus balance in Central Germany     

《European Journal of Agronomy》2016

In order to quantify the influence of land use systems on the level of soil organic matter (SOM) to develop recommendations, long-term field studies are essential. Based on a crop rotation experiment which commenced in 1970, this paper investigated the impact of crop rotations involving increased proportions of sugar beet on SOM content. To this end, soil samples were taken in 2010 and 2012 from the following crop rotation sequences: sugar beet–sugar beet–winter wheat–winter wheat (SB–SB–WW–WW = 50%), sugar beet–sugar beet–sugar beet–winter wheat (SB–SB–SB–WW = 75%), sugar beet–grain maize (SB–GM = 50%) and sugar beet-monoculture (SB = 100%); these were analysed in terms of total organic carbon (TOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) content, MBC/TOC ratio and the TOC stocks per hectare. In addition, humus balances were created (using the software REPRO, reference period 12 years) in order to calculate how well the soil was supplied with organic matter. In the field experiment, harvest by-products (WW and GM straw as well as SB leaves) were removed. After 41 years, no statistically significant differences were measured between the crop rotations for the parameters TOC, MBC, MBC/TOC ratio and the TOC stock per hectare. However, the calculated humus balance was significantly affected by the crop rotation. The calculated humus balance became increasingly negative in the order SB–SB–WW–WW, SB–SB–SB–WW, SB monoculture and SB–GM, and correlated with the soil parameters. The calculated humus balances for the reference period did not reflect the actual demand for organic matter by the crop rotations, but instead overestimated it.  相似文献   

The Humus Content and Soil Biological Properties as a Function of Organic and Mineral Fertilization     

Sándor Hoffmann  Gábor Csitári  Lívia Hegedüs 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(2):141-146

There is a growing recognition for the need to develop sensitive indicators of soil quality that reflect the effects of land management on soil and assist land users in promoting sustainability of agro-ecosystems. Three soil enzymes (dehydrogenase, phosphatase and invertase) microbial biomass as biological variables and soil organic matter content (SOM) were investigated relative to fertilization and soil fertility (estimated by crop yield) at a long-term fertilization trial (Keszthely, Hungary). 0-34.7-69.4-104.1t farmyard manure (FYM) ha m 1 5 yr m 1 and the corresponding amount of mineral fertilizers (NPK) were applied in two different crop rotation systems. There were four straw and/or stalk incorporating treatments in the second crop rotation 'B'. Enzyme activities, microbial biomass and the amount of SOM were generally higher in the fertilized soils than in the unfertilized soils. The type of amendments (mineral, FYM or mixed) had significant effects only on the amount of SOM. The correlations among the biological variables and the crop yield were generally low (r < 0.250. The differences in field management resulted only in the invertase activity.  相似文献   

The optimal nutrition of maize in the hungarian national long‐term field experimental network     

Tamás Kismányoky  Katalin Debreczeni 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(3-4):251-264

In Hungary, maize is grown on 1 million ha and occupies more than 20% of the arable land. The rich assortment of maize cultivars of different vegetation periods and different responses to nutritional effects, water supply etc. gives the growers the possibility to choose the cultivars suiting best the site characteristics (Jolânkai et al. 1999). Among the cereals maize has the highest genetical potential. To utilize its yield and quality potential, soil types of high nutrient content and regular nutrient supply are required (Gyõrffy, 1979). Both over‐ and under‐fertilization have an unfavourable effect on the yield and quality of maize (Debreczeni, 1985). Crops can be supplied with the appropriate nutrient amounts only with the knowledge of soil characteristics in the different agro‐ecological regions (nutrient content, water supply, soil compactness, pH, nutrient supplying capacity etc.). In Hungary, a network of long‐term field fertilization trials with uniform fertilizer treatments has been maintained at nine experimental sites representing different agro‐ecological regions of the country. This experimental network gives a basis to test the nutrient responses of our main crops and calibrate their optimal nutrient supply (Kismányoky, 1991).  相似文献   

培肥措施对旱地农田土壤CO2排放和碳库管理指数的影响     

王晓娇  蔡立群  齐鹏  王雅芝  陈晓龙  武均  张仁陟 《草业学报》2021,30(2):32-45

阐明长期有机物料施肥下土壤CO₂排放特征及其影响机制以及碳库管理指数对黄土高原旱作农业区固碳减排及施肥模式选择的影响尤为重要。基于2012年设置在陇中黄土高原旱作区的长期定位试验,通过不施肥（CK）、氮肥（NF）、有机肥（OM）、秸秆（ST）、有机肥结合无机肥（OMNF）5个处理,测定并计算了2018年不同施肥措施下全年土壤CO₂排放、作物碳排放效率和碳库管理指数的变化,并运用结构方程模型分析了0~30 cm土壤温度、水分、微生物量碳氮、易氧化有机碳、蔗糖酶、脲酶与土壤CO₂排放速率的关系。结果表明：1）与不施肥相比,秸秆、有机结合无机肥和有机肥处理使生育期土壤CO₂排放平均速率提高了42.72%、30.82%和29.79%,秸秆、有机肥处理分别使生育期土壤CO₂排放量显著提高36.35%、32.45%（P<0.05）,有机结合无机肥处理使碳排放效率显著降低41.10%（P<0.05）;2）有机物料处理均能显著提高0~5 cm土层易氧化有机碳、微生物量碳氮、蔗糖酶活性和碳库管理指数,相比不施肥和氮肥处理,有机结合无机肥处理分别使0~30 cm土壤碳库管理指数提高127.41%,99.33%（P<0.05）;3）结构方程模型表明,环境因子对土壤CO₂排放速率的总解释度为53%,对土壤CO₂排放速率总效应较大的影响因素包括土壤温度（2.36）、微生物量碳（1.59）和土壤水分（1.18）,且均间接地影响着土壤CO₂排放速率,土壤温度促进了微生物量碳和蔗糖酶活性的提高,微生物量碳促进了微生物量氮和易氧化有机碳的增加。综合来看,有机结合无机肥处理可以提升土壤碳库管理指数,保持微生物活性,增加作物产量,降低土壤碳排放效率,是陇中黄土高原旱作农业区比较适宜的农田培肥措施。  相似文献   

基于模糊控制的水肥药一体化系统研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

何青海  孙宜田  李青龙  孙永佳  沈景新 《农机化研究》2015,(8):203-207

为了提高目前水肥药一体化系统的自动化程度,设计了一种智能水肥药一体化系统;针对系统混肥精度不高的问题,设计了适用于营养液混合的模糊控制器,并利用Lab VIEW完成整个系统应用软件的开发。该系统不但能够实现独立灌溉、灌溉施肥一体化、灌溉施药一体化及水肥药一体化,而且还具备控制指令输入、系统工作监控和系统信息查询的功能。  相似文献   

滴灌水肥管理对日光温室黄瓜产量和品质的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

郑国保  张源沛  孔德杰  朱金霞 《节水灌溉》2015,(4):19-22

采用田间试验,研究滴灌系统运行方式和施肥频率对黄瓜产量、品质的影响。结果表明:施肥频率对黄瓜的生长、产量和品质的影响显著,在开花期与采收期,提高施肥水平能促进植株株高和叶片数的增加,产量和品质随施肥频率的增加而增加。因此,从提高产量和品质的角度看,施肥频率取两周1次较为适宜,滴灌施肥灌溉过程中的施肥时段应尽量前移。  相似文献