基于输出系数模型的北京地区农业面源污染负荷估算   总被引：16，自引：6，他引：16  

刘亚琼  杨玉林  李法虎 《农业工程学报》2011,27(7):7-12

农业生产活动产生的面源污染物是环境污染负荷的主要来源之一。利用输出系数模型对北京市农业面源污染负荷进行了估算。结果表明,2006年北京市农业面源污染物总氮和总磷负荷量分别是19 565.7×106和2 413.1×106 g/a。土地利用方式显著影响氮和磷负荷,不同污染源类型对污染负荷贡献的差异较大。不同污染源类型对总氮污染负荷贡献率的大小顺序为农村生活污水及废弃物＞耕地＞林地＞畜禽养殖＞园地＞牧草地,对总磷负荷贡献率的大小顺序为农村生活污水及废弃物＞畜禽养殖＞耕地＞林地＞园地＞牧草地。各区县总氮和总磷负荷量和负荷强度的差异较大,其中大兴、顺义、房山、密云和通州的总氮和总磷负荷量较大,而朝阳、丰台、通州、顺义和大兴的总氮和总磷负荷强度较大。农业面源污染物氮和磷分布状况和负荷强度的研究,为北京地区区域规划和农业结构调整提供了科学依据。  相似文献   

横垄耕作的面源污染截留效应研究     

杨育红  阎百兴  严登华 《中国水土保持》2012,(9):46-47

为了解横垄耕作的面源污染截留效应,选取吉林省长春市莫家沟小流域横垄耕作坡耕地为研究区,应用210Pbex核素示踪技术得到研究区土壤侵蚀模数为2 268 t/(km2.a),吸附态氮、磷流失负荷分别为4 889、2 022 kg/a;运用RU-SLE2.0模型,模拟在同等立地条件下顺坡耕作土壤侵蚀模数约为6 200 t/(km2.a)。对比结果表明:横垄耕作较顺坡耕作可减少约63%的土壤流失量及随土壤流失的吸附态氮磷负荷。  相似文献   

应用Manure-DNDC模型模拟畜禽养殖氮素污染   总被引：9，自引：5，他引：9  

高懋芳  邱建军  李长生  王立刚  李虎  高春雨 《农业工程学报》2012,28(9):183-189

畜禽养殖是重要的农业面源氮素污染源头,大量的畜禽粪便施入农田后,会加大农田氮素径流和淋溶损失强度。畜禽养殖废弃物氮素污染过程复杂,涉及到动物自身营养循环以及废弃物通过不同途径进入环境的过程,目前大多通过排放系数法估算畜禽养殖过程产生的氮素污染负荷。该文选用最新版Manure-DNDC模型,以山东小清河流域为例,模拟畜禽养殖及废弃物处理的生物地球化学过程,分析氮素在动物、畜禽粪便、农田之间的迁移转化,探讨该过程中氮素的主要损失途径以及污染物负荷的时空变化特征。模拟结果表明,小清河流域2008年畜禽养殖及粪便处理场所氮素径流损失4.66万t,粪便施入农田后的氮素径流和淋溶损失分别为0.1、0.51万t。  相似文献   

垂直流-水平潜流一体化人工湿地对菜地废水的净化效果     

朱太涛  崔理华  林伟仲  黄睦凯 《农业环境保护》2012,(1):166-171

广州市番禺区东升农场菜地废水未经处理直接排入水生植物塘,最终流入附近河流,由于菜地废水水质较差,对其造成了严重的污染,严重威胁了附近居民的饮水安全。为了提高菜地出水水质,减轻对河流的污染,通过构建垂直流-水平潜流一体化人工湿地,对菜地废水进行净化处理。湿地经过9个月的运行,结果显示,湿地对COD、NH4＋-N和TP的平均去除率分别达56.40%、79.09%和79.79%以上,COD、NH4＋-N和TP出水平均浓度分别为9.45、0.47mg.L-1和0.06mg.L-1,均达到《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838—2002）Ⅱ类水质标准。湿地对TN的平均去除率较低,仅为35.08%,通过补充甘蔗叶作为碳源,湿地对TN的平均去除率显著提高,但随着碳源投加量的增加,去除率逐渐降低。本实验碳源投加量以1.62kg.m-3为宜,TN的平均去除率最高,达80.85%,出水TN平均浓度从3.06mg.L-1降低至0.90mg.L-1。  相似文献   

安徽省省会经济圈水源地生态补偿环境调查分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

孙贤斌  黄润  王升堂  倪建华  赵彤 《水土保持研究》2012,19(1):164-167,173

生态补偿已经成为当前全社会所广泛关注的热点问题。该文从水源地农村居民认知和态度的角度,调查皖西大别山水源地居民对安徽省省会经济圈生态补偿政策的意愿、补偿标准、补偿后收入的变化、补偿方式的接受意愿。对352份的调查分析结果显示:76.3%的居民对主体功能区水资源的生态补偿政策配合、大力支持和倡导宣传。77.5%水源地居民认为水资源生态补偿标准由水费价格或经济发展水平而定,34.5%的水源地居民认为生态补偿政策实施会改善生活。生态补偿金多数用在投入农业生产方面。34.9%的农户认为生态补偿金应由省政府或经济圈机构来发放,38.9%的农户认为生态补偿金由经济圈内的受益企业和事业单位来支付。从生态补偿方式的意愿来看,67.7%的农户愿意通过技术培训满足外出打工需要或发展补偿产业。在对水源地生态补偿环境调查分析的基础上,提出了生态补偿机制的实施对策。  相似文献   

Impact of land use on nitrogen concentration in groundwater and river water     

Seiko Yoshikawa  Hidehiro Takahashi  Yasuko Sasada  Hidetoshi Mochizuki 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(6):898-909

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of land use on nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) in shallow groundwater (G-N) and total nitrogen (N) in river water (R-N). The study area consisted of 26 watersheds (1342 km²) covering 72% of Kagawa Prefecture in Japan. We estimated G-N specific concentrations, which showed the magnitude of the upland fields, paddy fields, forests and urban land-use contributions to watershed-mean G-N. G-N specific concentrations were gained as partial regression coefficients using a multiple regression analysis of the watershed-mean G-N concentrations and the land-use ratios in each of the 26 watersheds. The results showed that the G-N specific concentration, which was gained as the partial regression coefficient for the multiple regression analysis, was 15.2 mg L^?1, 10.3 mg L^?1, 2.3 mg L^?1 and 2.5 mg L^?1 for the upland fields, paddy fields, forests and urban land-use types, respectively. R-N pollution load runoff to the river mouth was calculated by multiplying R-N specific concentration (previously reported) by river flow at the river mouth. Similarly, G-N pollution load arrival to groundwater was calculated by multiplying G-N specific concentration by the groundwater flow. The R-N pollution load runoff was 19.3 kg ha^?1 y^?1, 7.7 kg ha^?1 y^?1, 1.7 kg ha^?1 y^?1 and 7.6 kg ha^?1 y^?1, while the G-N pollution load arrival was 7.3 kg ha^?1 y^?1, 5.0 kg ha^?1 y^?1, 1.1 kg ha^?1 y^?1 and 1.2 kg ha^?1 y^?1, for upland fields, paddy fields, forests and urban areas, respectively. These results showed that the N in river water and groundwater was derived mainly from runoff and leaching from croplands. Therefore, the relationships between watershed-mean non-absorbed, applied nitrogen (NAA-N: nitrogen applied to cropland via fertilizer and manure without being absorbed by crops), R-N concentration and watershed-mean G-N concentration were investigated. A curvilinear correlation was observed between NAA-N and R-N concentrations (r² = 0.68) except for one small, high-density, urban watershed, and a weak linear correlation was observed between NAA-N and G-N concentrations (r² = 0.42).  相似文献   

EFFECT OF PREVIOUS NITROGEN STARVATION ON NO3 − AND NH4 + UPTAKE AND ASSIMILATION ASSOCIATED WITH THE ENDOGENOUS SOLUBLE CARBOHYDRATE UTILIZATION IN MOROCCAN WHEAT SEEDLINGS     

《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(12):1995-2007

Uptake of the two forms of nitrogen NO₃ ^? and NH₄ ⁺ and nitrate reduction have been studied in two varieties of Moroccan wheat seedlings, cvs. Sais and Jouda, cultivated under controlled conditions in a hydroponic medium. The available form of nitrogen in the medium had a direct effect on the rate of nitrogen absorption. A brief nitrogen starvation increased the root length and stimulated accumulation of soluble carbohydrates, especially in the root tissues. A resupply of nitrogen stimulated ammonium and nitrate uptake and assimilation with higher mobilization of the soluble carbohydrates previously accumulated in root seedlings. It is suggested that root nitrogen and carbohydrate status might both regulate nitrate uptake and reduction in Moroccan wheat seedlings.

The seedlings raised with the nitrate supply accumulated nitrate in the vacuole as an osmoticum. Shoots are the preferential site for such accumulation. The accumulation of mineral nitrogen was absent in the seedlings cultivated with ammonium supply but was compensated by accumulation of soluble organic nitrogen.  相似文献   

Influence of Nitrate:Ammonium Ratios on Growth and Elemental Concentration in Two Azalea Cultivars     

《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(12):2503-2520

Abstract

Rooted cuttings of Rhododendron canescens “Brook” and Rhododendron austrinum were grown in sand culture with a modified Hoagland's solution under greenhouse conditions. The effect of varying ammonium:nitrate (NO₃ ^?:NH₄ ⁺) ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100) on growth, chlorophyll content, plant quality, and elemental tissue concentration were determined. With NO₃ ^? as the nitrogen (N) form, both azalea cultivars exhibited less vegetative growth, lower overall plant quality, with leaves showing visual chlorotic symptoms in comparison to plants receiving NH₄ ⁺ as the N‐form. Leachate pH was highest with NO₃ ^? as the predominate N‐form and decreased significantly with each increment of NH₄ ⁺. With both azalea cultivars, N‐form significantly influenced uptake and utilization of essential plant nutrients. Leaf concentrations of N, potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), boron (B), and molybdenum (Mo) were highest with NO₃ ^?‐N. Leaf elemental concentrations of phosphorous (P), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) increased as NH₄ ⁺ supplied more of the N‐ratio. Significant differences in Mg, Mn, and Zn were observed between species. Results from this study show that foliar N concentration is not an accurate indicator of plant growth response. Further investigations are needed to determine if foliarchlorosis and low growth rates observed with NO₃ ^? fed plants due to an Fe deficiency, to low nitrate reductase (NR) activity in the leaves, or to a combination of these factors.  相似文献   

双热源半自动控温甜樱桃促成栽培系统设计与试验     

张道辉  朱东姿  王甲威  魏海蓉  宗晓娟  谭钺  刘庆忠 《农业工程学报》2014,30(17):228-234

为解决甜樱桃促成栽培产量和质量不稳定的问题,该研究根据甜樱桃促成栽培特点,研制了一种双热源半自动控温甜樱桃促成栽培系统。该系统以煤、柴为燃料的地炕式加热炉为补充加热方式,结合太阳能调控温度。通过与传统大棚比较,分析了该系统对甜樱桃栽培产量及经济效益的影响。结果表明:连续2 a应用甜樱桃促成栽培系统的大棚产量稳定在11 550 kg/hm2以上,优质果率超过80%,年经济效益比普通大棚高37%(2012年)和36%(2013年)。该系统采用半自动测控促成栽培环境,使环境因子的检测和报警实现自动化,明显降低了劳动强度,在甜樱桃促成栽培中推广应用,可取得显著经济效益。  相似文献   

基于水功能区的湖北省农业非点源污染控制区划   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张海龙  齐实  路倩倩  杨波  孙嘉  刘孝盈 《中国水土保持科学》2014,(2):1-8

农业非点源污染已成为区域水质恶化的主要原因,有针对性地按照国家和地区对不同水功能区的水环境质量标准的要求划分农业非点源污染控制区,可以使非点源污染的控制更有效率.以湖北省103个县域为对象,以水功能区要求为基础,采用ArcGIS分析法确定县域水环境质量标准,在此基础上,采用水质污染指数法及内梅罗指数法解析各县域单元的污染类型及敏感性,最终划定研究区农业非点源污染控制分区.结果表明：1）湖北省可划分为Ⅱ类水质保护区的县域单元29个,划分为Ⅲ类水质保护区的县域单元74个;2）Ⅱ类水质保护区污染类型可划分为3类,主要为单一污染源污染,敏感区可划分为3类,分别为不敏感、轻度敏感及中度敏感;3）Ⅲ类水质保护区污染类型可划分为7类,主要污染类型为单一污染源污染和混合污染,敏感区可划分为3类,分别为轻度、中度及重度敏感;4）农业非点源污染控制区可划分为3个级别,包括2个一级控制分区,6个二级控制分区,23个三级控制分区.区划结果可为湖北省农业非点源污染管理和防治提供参考.  相似文献