排序方式： 共有247条查询结果，搜索用时 15 毫秒
51.
为了探究固氮树种对我国南方亚热带地区第二代桉树人工林土壤微生物生物量和结构影响及其机制,采用磷脂脂肪酸分析方法分别在干季和湿季研究了第二代桉树纯林和第二代桉树/固氮树种混交林的土壤微生物群落生物量和结构。结果表明:与纯林相比,混交林土壤(0 10 cm)的有机碳含量、铵态氮、硝态氮、总氮、凋落物生物量分别提高了17.77%、41.62%、85.59%、25.38%、19.12%,除土壤有机碳外,其它在统计学上均达到了显著性差异(p0.05);混交林的细菌生物量显著增加,但其真菌生物量显著减少;同时,混交林的总细菌、革兰氏阳性细菌相对百分含量在干季显著提高,真菌的相对百分含量却显著降低;但在湿季,除总细菌外,其它微生物群落结构没有显著差异。主成分分析(PCA)表明:第二主成分轴能明显把第二代桉树混交林和纯林的土壤微生物群落区分开来(p0.05),这种差异主要体现在混交林具有较高的细菌相对百分含量和相对较低的真菌相对百分含量。冗余度分析(RDA)表明:凋落物生物量、凋落物C/N、铵态氮、有机碳含量是驱动我国南方第二代桉树人工林土壤微生物群落结构发生变化的主要因子。此外,壕沟切根试验表明根系及其分泌物可能是第二代桉树人工林土壤微生物的重要碳源。 相似文献
52.
利用堆肥所具有的降解特性和很高的解钾能力,将堆肥中加入的钾矿粉(绿海石粉)分解为植物能够吸收的有效钾,并用PLFA方法评价了绿海石粉对堆肥中微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明,通过堆肥,从绿海石中降解出的有效钾逐渐增高,到堆肥后期可达到1650mg·kg-1。部分不饱和脂肪酸(PLFA18:2)、环丙烷脂肪酸(cy17:0,cy19:0)、含10Me的脂肪酸(10Me16:0,10Me17:0)含量有较大的变化,相应的真菌、革兰氏阴性细菌和放线菌有明显的增加,这说明堆肥中加入绿海石粉对微生物群落结构变化产生了影响,成为堆肥解钾的理论依据。PLFA法可用于快速检测微生物群落的变化,是一种理想的分子生态学方法。 相似文献
53.
The nature of the first few millimetres of a soil horizon strongly affects water infiltration rates, generation of run-off, and soil detachment. Whilst much is known about the physics and erosion of soil surfaces at this scale, little is known about their microbiology, particularly in temperate arable systems. This investigation aimed to discover whether any early colonisation stages of microbiotic crusts exist within the soil surface of temperate arable systems. The phenotypic structure of the microbial community was measured by means of phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA) in soils sampled from the surface of arable fields that had been either cultivated 4 weeks previously or left undisturbed for 4-6 months. Within the top circa 1 mm of the soil that had been undisturbed for 6 months or more, distinct microbial communities were found to be present, which were statistically significantly different from the communities found in subsequent depths to circa 10 mm, where differences between communities were less pronounced. The PLFA responsible for the majority of the variation seen between depths was 16:0, the proportion of which was shown to decrease with depth. This was not the case in the recently cultivated soils, where communities were more homogeneous with respect to depth. 相似文献
54.
Olaf Butenschoen Christian Poll Ellen Kandeler Stefan Scheu 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2007,39(11):2854-2864
The effect of endogeic earthworms (Octolasion tyrtaeum (Savigny)) on the translocation of litter-derived carbon into the upper layer of a mineral soil by fungi was investigated in a microcosm experiment. Arable soil with and without O. tyrtaeum was incubated with 13C/15N-labelled rye leaves placed on plastic rings with gaze (64 μm mesh size) to avoid incorporation of leaves by earthworms. The plastic rings were positioned either on or 3 cm above the soil surface, to distinguish between biotic and chemical/physical translocation of nutrients by fungi and leaching.Contact of leaves to the soil increased 13C translocation, whereas presence of O. tyrtaeum reduced the incorporation of 13C into the mineral soil in all treatments. Although biomass of O. tyrtaeum decreased during the experiment, more 13C and 15N was incorporated into earthworm tissue in treatments with contact of leaves to the soil. Contact of leaves to the soil and the presence of O. tyrtaeum increased cumulative 13CO2-C production by 18.2% and 14.1%, respectively.The concentration of the fungal bio-indicator ergosterol in the soil tended to be increased and that of the fungal-specific phospholipid fatty acid 18:2ω6 was significantly increased in treatments with contact of leaves to the soil. Earthworms reduced the concentration of ergosterol and 18:2ω6 in the soil by 14.0% and 43.2%, respectively. Total bacterial PLFAs in soil were also reduced in presence of O. tyrtaeum, but did not respond to the addition of the rye leaves. In addition, the bacterial community in treatments with O. tyrtaeum differed from that without earthworms and shifted towards an increased dominance of Gram-negative bacteria.The results indicate that litter-decomposing fungi translocate litter-derived carbon via their mycelial network in to the upper mineral soil. Endogeic earthworms decrease fungal biomass by grazing and disruption of fungal hyphae thereby counteracting the fungal-mediated translocation of carbon in soils. 相似文献
55.
Staffan Åkerblom Erland Bååth Lage Bringmark Ewa Bringmark 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):79-91
This study compared the toxic effects of adding chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), and cadmium
(Cd) at three dose levels to mor layer samples in laboratory experiments. Microbial activity in the form of soil respiration
was monitored for 64 days. At the end of the experimental period, the composition of the soil microbial community structure
was analysed by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. The metals added induced changes in the microbial community structure
and affected respiration negatively, indicating toxicity. The microbial community structure (principal component analysis
of the PLFA pattern) for all metals was significantly related to microbial activity (cumulative respiration), indicating intimate
links between microbial community structure and activity. The most striking result in this study was that the shift in the
microbial community because of metal stress was similar for all metals. Thus, the PLFA i16:0 increased most in relative abundance
in metal-polluted soils, followed by other PLFAs indicative of Gram-positive bacteria (10Me16:0, 10Me17:0, 10Me18:0, a17:0
and br18:0). The PLFA 16:1ω5 was consistently negatively affected by metal stress, as were the PLFAs 18:1, 18:1ω7 and 19:1a.
However, a significant separation between Cr- and Cd-polluted soils was observed in the response of the PLFA cy19:0, which
decreased in abundance with Cr stress, and increased with Cd stress. Furthermore, the PLFA 18:2w6, indicating fungi, only
increased with Cr and Zn stress. The effective doses of the metals, ranked with regard to background metal concentrations,
decreased in the order: Zn > Cr > Pb > Mo > Ni > Cd. We concluded that interpretation of results of microbial activity from
experiments of metal toxicity should include microbial structural patterns and background metal concentrations. 相似文献
56.
Soils and vegetation were analyzed in 20 lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forest stands, varying in age from 50 to 350 years, that had initiated following stand-replacing fire. Our goal was to determine how nitrogen availability (NH4+-N) and microbial community composition varied with stand age-class and to determine whether differences could be explained by canopy, soil, or understory characteristics. Gross NH4+ mineralization was measured using laboratory isotopic pool dilution, and microbial community composition was evaluated using microbial membrane lipids. The microbial community composition of stands in the 300-350 age class was distinct from stands in younger age classes. Microbial community composition among sites varied with pH, % organic matter, and phosphorus. Gross NH4+ mineralization rates averaged 1.45±0.07 mg NH4+ kg soil−1 d−1 while consumption averaged 1.37±0.20 mg NH4+ kg soil−1 d−1, resulting in low net NH4+ mineralization rates (0.08±0.18 mg NH4+ kg soil−1 d−1), but rates were not significantly different with stand age-class at p<0.05. At p<0.10, net NH4+ mineralization was significantly higher in the 300-350 age class compared to the 125-175 age class. None of the measured variables significantly explained NH4+ consumption and net mineralization patterns. However, gross NH4+ mineralization rates were best explained by information on microbial community structure (i.e. lipids). Variation among stands within a given age-classes was high, indicating that patterns of N cycling across landscapes reflect substantial heterogeneity among mature stands. 相似文献
57.
Berndt‐Michael Wilke Maike Mai Andreas Gattinger Michael Schloter Ping Gong 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2005,168(5):668-675
The aim of the investigation was to compare effects of fresh and aged amendments of copper (Cu) on the active, aerobic, heterotrophic microbial biomass by respiration and potential‐nitrification measurements and on microbial‐community structure by means of phospholipid‐fatty‐acid (PLFA) analyses. An Ap horizon (10–20 cm) of a Luvisol was used for the experiments. Fresh copper amendments were carried out by spraying a CuCl2 solution on the soil. Aged heavy‐metal amendments were achieved by mixing the control soil with monocontaminated soil derived from an abandoned site in Denmark which has been used as a wood‐preservation plant. As expected, fresh contaminations were more effective to reduce potential nitrification and respiration than aged contaminations if the total Cu concentration (Cut) in soils is considered. There were no differences between aged and fresh contaminations if their effects were referred to NH4Cl‐extractable concentrations (CuAN). The lowest concentration reducing cumulative substrate‐induced respiration (CR) amounted to 0.33 mg CuAN (kg dm)–1. PLFA analyses revealed Cu contaminations to decrease mainly aerobic bacteria. Effects were more pronounced using the contaminated soil as an inoculum. Apparently the duration of contamination is more important to the change of microbial‐community structure than the actual availability of the contaminant. 相似文献
58.
The extent of degradation of the fungal biomass in forest soil during laboratory incubation was investigated as a measure of ectomycorrhizal (EM) biomass. The method simulates the disappearance of fungal mycelium after root trenching, where the EM fungi, deprived of its energy source (the tree), will start to die off. Incubating a forest humus soil at 25 °C resulted in a decrease in the relative proportion (mol%) of the phospholipid fatty acid 18:2ω6,9 (a fungal marker molecule) within 3-6 months, indicating that fungal biomass was disappearing. Incubation at 5 °C resulted in essentially no change in the amount of 18:2ω6,9. The measurement of ergosterol, another fungal marker molecule, gave similar results. Incubation of different forest soils (pine, spruce and spruce/oak), and assuming that the disappearance of fungal biomass during this period of time was entirely due to EM fungi, resulted in an estimation of EM biomass of between 47 and 84% of the total fungal biomass in these soils. The humus layer had more EM biomass than deeper mineral layers. 相似文献
59.
Kerri L. Steenwerth Louise E. JacksonFrancisco J. Calderón Mark R. StrombergKate M. Scow 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(3):489-500
Phospholipid ester-linked fatty acid (PLFA) profiles were used to evaluate soil microbial community composition for 9 land use types in two coastal valleys in California. These included irrigated and non-irrigated agricultural sites, non-native annual grasslands and relict, never-tilled or old field perennial grasslands. All 42 sites were on loams or sandy loams of similar soil taxa derived from granitic and alluvial material. We hypothesized that land use history and its associated management inputs and practices may produce a unique soil environment, for which microbes with specific environmental requirements may be selected and supported. We investigated the relationship between soil physical and chemical characteristics, management factors, and vegetation type with microbial community composition. Higher values of total soil C, N, and microbial biomass (total PLFA) and lower values of soil pH occurred in the grassland than cultivated soils. The correspondence analysis (CA) of the PLFA profiles and the canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) of PLFA profiles, soil characteristics, and site and management factors showed distinct groupings for land use types. A given land use type could thus be identified by soil microbial community composition as well as similar soil characteristics and management factors. Differences in soil microbial community composition were highly associated with total PLFA, a measure of soil microbial biomass, suggesting that labile soil organic matter affects microbial composition. Management inputs, such as fertilizer, herbicide, and irrigation, also were associated with the distinctive microbial community composition of the different cultivated land use types. 相似文献
60.
Karin Nyberg Anna Schnürer Ingvar Sundh Åsa Jarvis Sara Hallin 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,42(4):315-323
The impact of organic compounds present in different kinds of organic fertilizers, i.e., anaerobically digested household
waste, composted organic household waste, swine manure, and cow manure, on microbial communities in arable soil was investigated
using microcosms. Soil was amended with dried residues or organic extracts of the residues and incubated for 12 weeks at 25°C.
The microbial community composition was investigated by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis, and the community of ammonia-oxidizing
bacteria (AOB) was assessed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rDNA fragments, followed by sequencing.
All dried residues increased the AOB activity, determined as potential ammonia oxidation, whereas the organic extracts from
the thermophilically digested waste and the swine manure caused a decreased potential activity. However, no differences in
the DGGE banding patterns were detected, and the same AOB sequences were present in all samples treated with the residue extracts.
Moreover, the PLFA composition showed that none of the residue additions affected the overall microbial community structure
in the soil. We conclude that the AOB community composition was not affected by the organic compounds in the fertilizers,
although the activity in some cases was. 相似文献