秸杆覆盖保墒效果探讨   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

虎胆·吐马尔拜 《灌溉排水学报》1997,(3)

本文以试验资料的计算结果为依据，研究了秸杆覆盖的保墒效果。研究结果表明，条带状秸杆覆盖在产量、单位面积耗水量以及水分利用率等方面，都比无覆盖和全覆盖优越，从而为生产部门的推广和应用提供了依据  相似文献   

免耕覆盖夏玉米耗水特性及土壤环境变化研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

王健  蔡焕杰  刘红英 《干旱地区农业研究》2007,25(2):35-39

2002～2003年在西北农林科技大学灌溉试验站夏玉米田进行了小麦秸秆不同覆盖量的大田试验.通过不同覆盖处理对夏玉米的耗水特性及土壤水热环境变化影响的研究,表明采用完全覆盖可使作物耗水减少27.6%、产量增加21.22%、1 m土壤含水率提高37%,覆盖焚烧处理耗水量高于免耕覆盖10%～41%.另外,利用秸秆免耕覆盖比覆盖焚烧土壤的速效氮、速效磷、速效钾均有所提高.最后,从节约资源和改善环境污染的角度分析了秸秆覆盖对土壤环境的影响.  相似文献   

多因素控制下渭北旱地小麦产量寻优的研究     

刘文国  张建昌  曹卫贤  党占平  强秦  高亚军  李生秀 《干旱地区农业研究》2007,25(1):190-195

在陕西渭北旱塬进行了连续三年定点小麦田间试验,通过栽培模式、氮肥水平、种植密度三因素的不同处理,研究多因素小麦栽培优化组合.结果表明:采用垄沟、覆膜、秸杆覆盖栽培模式对小麦穗数不产生影响;施用氮肥能极显著地影响小麦穗数,在施纯氮0～240 kg/hm2范围内,每增减纯氮1 kg,增减穗数4 288;增加播量,极明显地提高小麦穗数;不同的栽培模式、氮肥用量和小麦种植密度对小麦的穗粒数不产生影响;覆膜栽培与垄沟栽培之间千粒重差异显著,种植密度对小麦千粒重在不同的条件下影响明显,覆膜栽培条件下,高氮肥水平,低密度(播种量180 kg/hm2)的千粒重大于高密度(播种量225 kg/hm2),垄沟模式下,高氮水平(施纯氮240 kg/hm2)与中氮水平(施纯氮120 kg/hm2)之间差异不显著,但与不施氮肥相比,千粒重明显提高,秸秆覆盖模式下,高密度(播种量225 kg/hm2)与不施氮、高氮水平组合的平均千粒重最低,两者差异不显著,但与其它各组合差异显著.正常降水年份,旱地小麦采用一定的农业栽培模式,能够显著影响小麦的产量,尤其是覆膜下,产量显著高于对照;降水量多的年份,采用垄沟模式及秸秆覆盖模式对小麦产量甚至产生负效应.施用氮肥对小麦产量有极显著影响,在施纯氮0～240 kg/hm2范围内,每增减纯氮1 kg,增减籽粒产量5.7 kg;种植密度对小麦籽粒产量与生物产量的影响显著,秸秆覆盖栽培和常规栽培(对照)模式下籽粒产量差异显著,产量排列次序都为高密度(播种量225 kg/hm2)大于低密度(播种量180 kg/hm2),低氮和不施氮时,增加密度,可提高产量.  相似文献   

旱地冬小麦不同栽培模式、施氮量和种植密度土壤水分利用状况   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

高亚军  杨君林  陈玲  朱刚  者星毅  刘炜  李生秀 《干旱地区农业研究》2007,25(3):45-50

通过3年田间试验,研究不同栽培模式、不同施氮量及种植密度对冬小麦田土壤水分特征的影响,结果表明:无论何种栽培模式,冬小麦生长期间水分动态变化具有相似的规律,播前贮存在土壤中的水分经过一个生长季后都会有大量消耗,消耗深度延伸到2 m及其以下土壤深层.小麦收获后,各种处理土壤在40～80 cm和120～160 cm深度均出现两个低水层.覆盖栽培措施对水分利用的影响表现出较大的年度变异性,原因可能主要与生育期降水量和播前土壤贮水量有关系:与无覆盖相比,秸秆覆盖在降水较少的年份可显著提高水分生产效率;地膜覆盖具有稳定的促进水分有效利用的作用;垄沟种植没有表现出预期的增产增效的效果.施用氮肥显著促进土壤水分的消耗,这种作用随着种植年限的增加而增大,这种作用在0～200 cm整个土壤深度都有反映,而且深层比表层更显著,低水土层(40～80 cm和120～160 cm)比其它深度土层更显著.施氮显著提高水分生产效率.适当增加小麦种植密度有利于提高旱地水分生产效率.  相似文献   

冬小麦-夏玉米一体化垄作覆盖下农田土壤呼吸变化研究     

王同朝  卫丽  田原  马超  杜园园  谭阳 《农业环境保护》2009,(9):1970-1974

农田土壤呼吸释放CO2过程加强是导致全球气候变暖的重要途径。通过大田原位实验,研究了雨养条件下垄作覆盖保护性耕作技术条件对土壤呼吸季节性和作物生育后期日变化的影响。结果表明,冬小麦从越冬期到灌浆期,不同处理的土壤呼吸值均以垄作覆盖值最高,平作覆盖次之,平作的值最小,平作处理与其他处理间均达到极显著差异。灌浆期各处理土壤呼吸值达到最大,分别为4．95、4．69、4．4、2．61μmol·m^-2·s^-1;成熟期各处理间大小顺序依次为：平作覆盖处理〉垄作覆盖处理〉垄作处理〉平作处理,平作覆盖与垄作覆盖分别与其他两个处理间达到极显著差异。玉米不同生育时期垄作覆盖处理土壤呼吸值均高于其他处理,平作处理的值最低,不同生育时期垄作覆盖与平作均达到极显著差异,不同处理在夏玉米抽雄期土壤呼吸值最高,成熟期最低。从冬小麦和夏玉米生长后期土壤温度（X）与土壤呼吸强度（Y）日变化看,两者呈显著线形关系,其直线回归方程分别为：Y=0．1704X-0．6372（R^2=0．882＊＊）,Y=0．1039X＋1．2073（R^2=0．8802^＊＊）。显然,同传统的种植模式相比,雨养条件下垄作秸秆覆盖保护性耕作技术模式增大了向大气环境释放CO2温室气体的数量。  相似文献   

Spatial pattern and heterogeneity of soil properties in sand dunes under grazing and restoration in Horqin Sandy Land, Northern China   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Xiaoan Zuo  Halin Zhao  Xueyong Zhao  Tonghui Zhang  Yirui Guo  Shaokun Wang  Sam Drake 《Soil & Tillage Research》2008,99(2):202-212

Applying a combination of classical and geostatistical methods, we identified soil properties and their spatial variation in a 5-year grazed sand dune (GSD5) and a 20-year recovered sand dune (RSD20) in Horqin Sandy Land, northern China. The paper assesses the effect of grazing, topography and vegetation restoration on spatial heterogeneity of soil properties. The results showed that soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, very fine sand (0.1–0.05 mm) content and their coefficients of variation were lower in GSD5 than in RSD20, while soil water contents (0–20 cm and 20–40 cm depths) were higher in GSD5 than in RSD20. Geostatistical analysis revealed that the spatial structured variance accounted for the largest proportion of total sample variance in soil properties at the measured scale under grazing and restoration. The spatial autocorrelation ranges were 66.30 m for soil organic carbon and 50.80 m for total nitrogen in GSD5 less than those in RSD20 (70.00 m and 76.10 m, respectively), while the spatial autocorrelation ranges of soil particle size fractions and soil water contents in RSD20 were less than those in GSD5. Kriging-interpolated maps also showed that the heterogeneity of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen and their degree of patch fragmentation were higher in GSD5 than in RSD20. These results suggested that continuous grazing resulted in an increase in spatial variability of soil nutrient and a decrease in spatial variability of soil particle size fractions and soil water content. Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen of sand dunes are associated closely with soil particle size fractions, relative height of sampling site and vegetation cover. Spatial patterns of soil properties are most strongly related to grazing, topography and plant-induced heterogeneity in sand dune ecosystems prone to wind erosion.  相似文献   

膜下滴灌与沟灌海岛棉田土壤微生物特性的比较   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2  

范君华  刘明 《节水灌溉》2005,(1):9-11

对不同灌溉方式下土壤微生物特性的对比研究结果表明：膜下滴灌方式下棉田的微生物数量及根际、根外微生物数量均多于细流沟灌；两种灌溉方式都具有明显的根际效应；膜下滴灌使土壤处于厌气条件，土壤酶活性没有明显增加，但由于膜下滴灌可随水滴肥，适时适量供给棉花生长所需肥水，仍能满足海岛棉生长需求。  相似文献   

免耕覆盖麦秸土壤中酚酸浓度的变化及酚酸对夏玉米早期生长的影响   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2  

贾春虹  王璞  赵秀琴 《华北农学报》2004,19(4):84-87

室内和田间试验表明:麦秸的水浸提物对玉米的胚芽和胚根的生长有显著影响作用。小麦-玉米轮作区免耕覆盖的土壤中可以检测到4种酚酸:阿魏酸、香草酸、肉桂酸和对羟基苯甲酸,它们在土壤中的平均含量分别为(2.62～4.94)×10-5,(5.72～7.54)×10-5,(3.05～5.38)×10-5和(3.93～5.20)×10-5mol/L。它们在土壤中下降的速度很慢。室内检测阿魏酸、香草酸和对羟基苯甲酸抑制玉米的胚芽和胚根的生长,其抑制根伸长10%的浓度(ED10)分别是1.14,3.57和6.30mmol/L。  相似文献   

Effects of plastic film mulch and tillage on maize productivity and soil parameters   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

C.A. Liu  S.L. Jin  L.M. Zhou  Y. Jia  F.M. Li  Y.C. Xiong  X.G. Li 《European Journal of Agronomy》2009,31(4):241-249

This paper determined the effects of mulching time for double furrows and ridges using plastic film on soil water status, grain yield of maize, soil quality, and economic benefits. The study was conducted in a typical semiarid area during two growing seasons of 2006–2007 with the following three treatments: (i) plastic film mulching at maize sowing with conventional tillage, and the film was removed at harvest (CK); (ii) mulching applied 30 d before sowing with conventional tillage, and the film was removed at harvest (T1); and (iii) mulching at sowing with no-tillage, and the film left on the field after harvest in the first season and used for mulching in the second season (T2). The T1 in both years and T2 in the second year (2007) improved soil water content (in the 0–60 cm layer) and temperature (10 cm) at sowing compared with CK. After the two seasons, the soil water content was significantly higher in the 0–80 cm soil layer in CK and T1, and in the 0–120 cm soil layer in T2; however, it decreased significantly in 140–200 cm soil layer in CK and T1, compared to their initial values at sowing in April 2006, and there was no significant change in T2. The rainfall storage in the 0–200 cm soil layer during the non-growing season (late September 2006 to late April 2007) was 18.2 mm in CK, 34.0 mm in T1, and 59.7 mm in T2, and the rainfall storage in 100–200 cm soil layer was 16.5 and 18.6 mm higher in T2 than in CK and T1, respectively. In 2006, there were no significant differences in yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in all treatments. In 2007, the yield in T1 was significantly higher than in T2, but yields in T2 and CK were not significantly different, and there was no significant difference in WUE among treatments. Soil organic carbon (SOC) (0–20 cm) decreased in CK and T1, but increased (by 2.7%) in T2 at harvesting in September 2007 from the initial value of sowing in April 2006. The ratio of output to input was 1.32:1 for CK, 1.40:1 for T1, and 1.67:1 for T2 averaged across the two seasons. Therefore, T2 was a more sustainable model for increasing water storage, producing greater economic benefit and maintaining SOC balance for maize production in semiarid area.  相似文献   

秸秆粉碎还田回收机性能试验     

马月虹  张佳喜  陈发 《农机化研究》2009,31(4)

在棉田对秸秆粉碎还田回收机进行机具性能试验,选定留茬高度、秸秆粉碎长度和抛送距离作为主要的性能指标,通过一系列正交试验和理论分析,用直观分析法和方差分析法揭示了影响秸秆粉碎还田机性能的主要因素.与实际生产相结合,确定了最优的参数组合,即秸秆粉碎还田回收机在刀辊的转速为1800 r/min,粉碎机具前进速度为5.4 km/h,甩刀刀刃离地最小间隙为8cm.实验结果表明,机具有较优的性能指标,为整机的设计研究提供了理论依据.  相似文献