A new pest in vineyard under grass management model: study on the biological characteristics and control of Smaragdina nigrifrons北大核心CSCD     

Gao S.  Lu C.  Jia Y.  Zhao C.  Cao X. 《果树学报》2019,(9):1185-1193

【Objective】For many years, our team have been working on organic cultivation management and pest control of wine grapes. Ground cover management model has been a new green management model currently implemented in the northern orchards. However, under the grass-covering system, new or secondary pests and diseases may increase in the orchards if the pasture type and planting and management models are not carefully chosen. These pests and diseases might become a new problem in fruit production. For example, a serious insect pest of wine grapes, Smaragdina nigrifrons (Hope) (Coleoptera: Eumolpidae) was found in the vineyard in Changli, China for the first time. This pest is highly harmful and occurs continuously in grass-covered orchards. In order to understand the occurrence and damage of the pest, the authors conducted field and lab investigations for three consecutive years. Its morphological characteristics were described, and its living habits, damage, and occurring pattern were observed, and the control methods were suggested.【Methods】Systematic field investigation was combined with indoor feeding and observation. Morphological characteristics of the beetles were observed under Primo Star microscope, and their taxonomic status was determined. The population dynamics and occurrence pattern were monitored by yellow cards trapping technique. 【Results】 The results showed that the adult of S. nigrifrons was long ovate. Female adults were 4.5 to 5.9 mm in length and 2.2 to 3.0 mm in width; males were 4.0 to 5.6 mm in length and 1.9 to 2.6 mm in width. Their head was black, the top was highly convex, and the leading edge had a wavy fold. There was no obvious boundary between the lip base and the forehead, which was slightly raised with numerous deep points. The tentacles were short and thin. The basal 4 knots of the tentacle were yellowish brown, the other sections were brown or black, and the sections after the 5th section were jagged. The chest was red brown or yellow brown. The scutellum and the elytra were yellow brown or red brown, and the elytra had wide black transverse band. Male's abdomen penultimate web was raised and female’s was sag. The adults of S. nigrifrons do damage on the tender new leaves. They had pseudo- lethality, coming out during the day and hiding at night. Generally it damaged tender leaves on the top of the canopy, with irregular notches in the injured leaves. The damage rate of local wine grape reached 100%. The adults usually appeared in July and August and might have one generation a year. They were active during 8:00 to 11:00 and 15:00 to 18:00. They had no phototaxis but had feigned death. In addition to harming the top leaves of wine grape trees, they also harmed the inter-row weeds, and the damage in the grass growing area was significantly more serious than in the weeding area. 【Conclusion】It is speculated that the occurrence and harm of S. nigrifrons in the wine grape vine of Changli Langes Winery is closely related to the implementation of the new orchard management mode with grass cover, indicating that it has potential risk. Therefore, it is extremely important to carry out a risk assessment analysis of S. nigrifrons. The occurrence and damage of S. nigrifrons in other fruit orchards in the north, especially in slopes, semi-mountainous areas and mountainous areas, needs further investigation. © 2019 Journal of Fruit Science  相似文献   

Influence of patch and landscape characteristics on the distribution of the subterranean rodent <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ctenomys porteousi</Emphasis>     

Fernando J. Mapelli  Marcelo J. Kittlein 《Landscape Ecology》2009,24(6):723-733

The understanding and prediction of the responses of animal populations to habitat fragmentation is a central issue in applied ecology. The identification of habitat variables associated to patch occupancy is particularly important when habitat quality is affected by human activities. Here, we analyze the influence of patch and landscape characteristics on patch occupancy by the subterranean herbivorous rodent Ctenomys porteousi. Patch occupancy was monitored in a network of 63 habitat patches identified by satellite imagery analysis which extends along almost the whole distributional range for C. porteousi. Suitable habitat for the occurrence of C. porteousi is highly fragmented and represents <10% of the total area in its distributional range. The distribution of C. porteousi in the patch network is affected not only by characteristics of the habitat patches, but also by those of the surrounding landscape matrix. Significant differences between occupied and empty patches were found in several environmental variables. Overall, occupied patches were larger, less vegetated, more connected, and had larger neighbor patches than empty patches. A stepwise procedure on a generalized linear model selected four habitat variables that explain patch occupancy in C. porteousi; it included the effects of habitat quality in the matrix surrounding the patch, average vegetation cover in the patch, minimum vegetation cover in the matrix surrounding the patch, and the area of the nearest neighbor patch. These results indicate that patch occupancy in C. porteousi is strongly influenced by the availability and quality of habitat both in the patch and in the surrounding landscape matrix.  相似文献   

滴灌技术参数对南疆棉花生长和土壤水盐的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张迎春  张富仓  范军亮  侯翔皓  王海东  刘翔  何平如  薛占琪 《农业工程学报》2020,36(24):107-117

为确定最适宜南疆棉花生长的滴灌技术参数,2018和2019年的4-10月在新疆库尔勒31团（86°56′58″E,40°53′03″N）进行2年大田试验,试验设置3个灌水量（W1：60%ETc,W2：80%ETc,W3：100%ETc,ETc为作物蒸腾蒸发量）和2个滴头流量（D1.8：1.8L/h,D2.4：2.4L/h）,通过测定棉花生长、产量及其构成要素和土壤水盐分布的相关指标,研究不同灌溉定额和滴头流量对南疆棉花生长、干物质积累、产量和土壤水盐分布的影响,为棉田节水控盐高效生产提供理论依据。结果表明：1）同一滴头流量条件下,W3处理的株高、茎粗、叶面积指数、干物质累积量、产量、有效铃数和百铃质量显著高于W1和W2处理。2018和2019年吐絮期,滴头流量为D1.8时,W1处理的株高较W3分别下降了11.38%和11.22%;W1处理的叶面积指数较W3分别降低22.52%和44.16%,滴头流量为D2.4时,W1处理的株高较W3分别下降了12.84%和4.64%;W1处理的叶面积指数较W3分别低24.55%和53.83%。同一灌溉定额下,D2.4的株高、茎粗、LAI、干物质累积量、产量、有效铃数和百铃质量显著高于D1.8处理。2018和2019年,滴头流量为D2.4处理的产量比D1.8分别增加4.81%、8.39%、4.69%和4.98%、7.23%、11.06%。2）水分利用效率和灌溉水分利用效率随灌溉定额的增加而降低,同一滴头流量条件下,W1处理的灌溉水分利用效率和水分利用效率显著高于其他灌水处理;同一灌水处理下,D2.4处理的水分利用效率和灌溉水分利用效率显著高于D1.8处理。2018和2019年,D2.4处理的水分利用效率分别比D1.8高出13.48%、5.44%、8.99%和5.61%、5.36%、0.84%。3）同一滴头流量条件下,W3处理土壤含水率更高,同一灌溉定额下,D2.4处理的土壤含水率均匀性更好;0～40 cm土壤含盐量随整个生育期推进呈上升趋势,土壤含盐量随灌溉定额和滴头流量的增加而降低。综合分析,灌溉定额为W3（100%ETc）、滴头流量为2.4 L/h处理棉花生长最好,产量最高,2018和2019年最高产量分别为7 361.44 kg·hm-2和7 837.91 kg·hm-2,是南疆棉田适宜的灌水技术组合,可为指导该地区棉花节水控盐高效生产提供理论依据。  相似文献   

不同覆膜开孔率下土壤水分和潜水蒸发的模拟研究          下载免费PDF全文

文利军  史文娟  高志永  郭建忠  何子建  石肖肖 《水土保持学报》2020,34(1):225-229

为研究蒸发阶段不同覆膜开孔条件下土壤水分运动,在室内进行蒸发模拟试验的基础上,采用HYDRUS-1D模型对不同覆膜开孔率和大气蒸发能力条件下土壤剖面含水率和潜水蒸发量动态变化进行了模拟,并与实测资料进行比较。结果表明:土壤剖面含水率同时受大气蒸发能力和覆膜开孔率的共同作用,随覆膜开孔率和大气蒸发能力的增加,土壤剖面含水率减小,且上层土壤含水率差异比下层土壤明显;覆膜开孔率和大气蒸发能力一定时,土壤剖面含水率在蒸发初期有所增加,蒸发后期基本保持稳定;覆膜对潜水蒸发的阻滞作用明显,但开孔率增加到一定数值时,表层盐分的影响大于覆膜的影响,使土壤含水率增大,累积蒸发量减小。经实测数据验证,模型精度较好,表明HYDRUS-1D模型用于不同覆膜开孔率下的土壤水分运动模拟是可行的。  相似文献   

不同覆盖方式对越橘园土壤温度的影响     

刘红弟 《中国果业信息》2019,48(5)

通过设置锯末、白色园艺地布+锯末、黑色园艺地布+锯末、白色园艺地布和黑色园艺地布5种土壤覆盖方式,以不覆盖为对照,利用土壤温度监测记录仪对越橘生长期（5月-10月）不同深度土层土壤温度进行连续监测,分析不同覆盖方式对越橘园10 cm、20 cm和30 cm土层土壤温度的影响。结果表明,不同覆盖方式在整个越橘生长期内均有调节土壤温度的效果,不同覆盖方式对不同深度土层土壤日平均温度的变化趋势总体相似。锯末覆盖处理的土壤温度在越橘生长前期（5月-8月）低于对照,在越橘生长后期（9月-10月）高于对照,且土壤温度日变幅显著低于对照,说明锯末覆盖处理的保温效果最好;黑色园艺地布覆盖处理的保温效果次之,且黑色园艺地布和黑色园艺地布+锯末覆盖处理在整个越橘生长期内的土壤温度均高于对照,辽宁地区春季和秋季气温较低,适当提高土壤温度有利于越橘根系生长和树体发育。而白色园艺地布覆盖处理和白色园艺地布+锯末覆盖处理的土壤温度均低于对照,且白色园艺地布覆盖处理的保温效果较差。因此,辽宁地区越橘园推荐采用黑色园艺地布并添加锯末的土壤覆盖方式具有良好的可行性和实用性。  相似文献   

设施大棚沙培番茄生产管理技术     

冷启兴  钱晓红  闫鹏  余魁 《现代农业科技》2020,(11)

番茄是一种广受人民群众喜爱的蔬菜,我国设施大棚番茄栽培面积逐渐扩大,但连作障碍影响了设施番茄产业的发展。沙培是一种以沙子为基质的无土栽培方式,对解决设施番茄连作障碍和提升番茄品质具有很好的作用。本文主要介绍了设施大棚番茄沙培技术、水肥管理技术和病虫害防治技术等内容,以期为设施大棚番茄生产提供一定的技术参考和借鉴。  相似文献   

河西走廊灌区早春拱棚西瓜平作膜下滴灌水肥一体化高效栽培     

蔺多钰 《蔬菜》2020,(3):38-40

早春拱棚栽培是河西走廊灌区西瓜生产的主要形式,通过开展西瓜平作膜下滴灌水肥一体化栽培技术示范研究,从品种选择、栽培技术管理、病虫害防治等方面对西瓜平作膜下滴灌水肥一体化栽培技术进行总结。相较于垄膜沟灌栽培,667 m^2可节水56.5%,节肥48.1%,省药10%~20%,为促进西瓜特色产业发展提供技术支撑。  相似文献   

秋耕覆盖对土壤水热肥与马铃薯生长的影响分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

侯贤清  李荣 《农业机械学报》2020,51(12):262-275

为探明秋耕覆盖措施下农田土壤水热肥特性对旱作马铃薯生长及产量的影响,于2013—2016年在宁南旱区秋作物收获后,通过设置不同耕作覆盖措施,研究马铃薯生育期0~200cm层土壤贮水量、0~25cm耕层土壤温度和0~40cm层土壤养分含量的动态变化,以及对马铃薯生长和产量的影响。结果表明,耕作方式、覆盖措施及二者交互作用可显著影响马铃薯播种期土壤贮水量,免耕秸秆覆盖、深松秸秆覆盖处理保水效果最佳,平均土壤贮水量较翻耕不覆盖处理分别提高14.4%和14.7%;耕作方式、覆盖措施及二者交互作用对马铃薯关键生育期土壤贮水量影响显著,深松秸秆覆盖处理改善土壤水分效果最佳,平均土壤贮水量较翻耕不覆盖处理提高20.7%。在马铃薯播种期,耕作方式、覆盖措施及二者交互作用对耕层土壤温度影响显著,但随着生育期的推进其影响程度减小;同一耕作方式下的平均耕层土壤温度,地膜覆盖处理较不覆盖处理显著提高3.6℃,而秸秆覆盖处理显著降低1.4℃。经过3年秋耕覆盖后,耕作与覆盖交互作用对0~40cm层土壤养分各指标影响均呈极显著水平,在所有处理组合中,免耕秸秆覆盖、深松秸秆覆盖处理的土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量较高,而翻耕不覆盖处理最低。同一耕作方式下,地膜覆盖的保温效应对马铃薯生育前期生长有促进作用,但后期高温不利于马铃薯生殖生长;秸秆覆盖在整个生育期具有稳温和降温效应,有利于马铃薯中后期生长。所有处理组合中,深松秸秆覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖处理下马铃薯总产量和净收益较高,分别较翻耕不覆盖显著增产49.4%和38.3%,净收益分别提高129.1%和103.3%;深松地膜覆盖、深松秸秆覆盖处理对提高商品薯率效果较好,分别较翻耕不覆盖处理显著提高18.4%和16.2%。从经济与环境效益角度考虑,免耕、深松结合秸秆覆盖措施可调控农田土壤水、热及养分环境,实现马铃薯增产增效,在宁南半干旱区马铃薯生产中具有应用推广价值。  相似文献   

秸秆覆盖对东北黑土区土壤侵蚀及养分流失的影响   总被引：8，自引：4，他引：8       下载免费PDF全文

杨青森  郑粉莉  温磊磊  耿晓东  安娟  王彬 《水土保持通报》2011,31(2):1-5

利用野外原位模拟降雨试验,研究了秸秆覆盖对东北黑土区坡面土壤侵蚀和养分流失的影响。试验处理包括1个施肥水平(纯N为150kg/hm2;纯P为75kg/hm2),3个秸秆覆盖度(翻耕裸露,低覆盖2kg/m2,高覆盖4kg/m2),1个降雨强度(90mm/h,降雨历时60min)和1个坡度(5°),试验小区长10m,宽1m。研究结果表明,低秸秆覆盖与翻耕裸露处理相比,坡面的径流量和侵蚀产沙量分别减少了87%和99.86%;在高秸秆覆盖条件下,坡面不产生径流。低秸秆覆盖条件下,径流中的NO3-—N和PO34-—P的浓度分别是翻耕裸露处理的5.52倍和4.25倍,但NO3-—N和PO34-—P的流失量与翻耕裸露处理基本相同。同样,低秆覆盖条件下侵蚀泥沙中NO3-—N和PO43-—P的含量分别是翻耕裸露处理的4.38倍和2.93倍,但NO3-—N和PO43-—P的流失量与翻耕裸露处理相比分别减少了99.3%和99.6%。因此,在东北黑土区选取适宜的秸秆覆盖量对保护耕地质量具有重要意义。  相似文献   

棉花膜下滴灌土壤水盐运移规律数值模拟   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3  

虎胆·吐马尔白  吴争光  苏里坦  牟洪臣 《土壤》2012,44(4):665-670

通过棉花桶栽试验,获取棉花全生育期土壤蒸发蒸腾量以及土壤含水率、含盐量变化规律。以土壤水分运动基本方程和溶质运移对流-弥散方程为基础,在考虑棉花根系吸水和土壤蒸发蒸腾条件下,对膜下滴灌棉花全生育期时段内土壤中水盐运移规律进行了数值模拟,并与实测的土壤含水率和含盐量进行了对比分析。其结果显示:土壤表层和深层的土壤含水率和含盐量模拟值与实测值均存在不同程度的偏差,而中间层土壤含水率和含盐量的模拟值较接近实测值。因此,只要能够获得足够的精确的大田实测资料,就可以将该模型应用于棉花膜下滴灌土壤水盐运移规律的实际预测。  相似文献