典型因素对泥沙特性影响的试验研究     

张宇卓  张根广  安维宇  付志  史志鹏 《安徽农业科学》2015,(19):212-213

泥沙颗粒在不同的浓度、颗粒大小以及絮凝剂的影响下,其絮凝结构以及沉降速度存在一定的差异,这些差异性对于研究泥沙特性来说具有重要的意义.为了直观演示其差异性,自行设计了试验,采用控制变量的方法,分为5组对比试验.结果表明,上述3种因素对其絮凝结构以及沉降速度有显著影响.  相似文献   

Estimate of sediment yield in a basin without sediment data   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Vlassios Hrissanthou   《CATENA》2005,64(2-3):333

In this study, three mathematical models for the estimate of sediment yield, due to soil and stream erosion, at the outlet of a basin are presented. Each model consists of three submodels: a rainfall-runoff submodel, a soil erosion submodel and a sediment transport submodel for streams. The rainfall-runoff and the stream sediment transport submodels are identical in the three mathematical models. The rainfall-runoff submodel that is used for the computation of the runoff in a sub-basin is a simplified water balance model for the soil root zone. For the estimate of soil erosion in a sub-basin, three different submodels are used alternatively, owing to the fact that erosion or sediment yield data are not available. The soil erosion submodels are (a) a modified form of the classical Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE, [Foster, G.R., Meyer, L.D., Onstad, C.A., 1977. A runoff erosivity factor and variable slope length exponents for soil loss estimates. Transactions of the ASAE, 20 (4), 683–687]) taking into account both the rainfall erosion and the runoff erosion, (b) the relationships of Poesen [Poesen, J., 1985. An improved splash transport model. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 29, 193–211] quantifying the splash detachment, as well as the upslope and downslope splash transport, (c) the relationships of Schmidt [Schmidt, J., 1992. Predicting the sediment yield from agricultural land using a new soil erosion model. Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on River Sedimentation. Karlsruhe, Germany, pp. 1045–1051] including the momentum flux exerted by the droplets and the momentum flux exerted by the runoff. The sediment transport submodel for streams aims to estimate the sediment yield at the outlet of a sub-basin. This quantity results by comparing the available sediment amount in the main stream of a sub-basin with the sediment transport capacity by stream flow, which is computed by the relationships of Yang and Stall [Yang, C.T., Stall, J.B., 1976. Applicability of unit stream power equation. Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, 102, 559–568]. The mathematical models were applied to the basin of Kompsatos River, in northeastern Greece, with an area of about 565 km². The whole basin was divided into 18 natural sub-basins for more precise calculations. Monthly rainfall data were available for 27 years (1966–1992); therefore, the calculations were performed on a monthly basis. The deviation between the three mean annual values of sediment yield at the basin outlet, for 27 years, resulting from the three mathematical models is relatively small.  相似文献   

塔里木河流域水土流失动态变化分析          下载免费PDF全文

刘雨曈 《水生态学杂志》2022,43(3):105-112

研究塔里木河流域土地利用变化、年径流量和输沙量变化特征及其相关关系，以期促进水土资源的合理开发和利用，为塔里木河流域的生态环境治理提供科学依据。水文数据为2005-2020年流域焉耆站、同古孜洛克站、卡群站、西大桥站、阿拉尔站年径流量、年输沙量，土地利用数据为1980-2015年土地利用空间分布数据。结果表明：（1）1980-2015年，土地利用面积比例变化为-1.07%~1.16%，耕地面积增幅为1.16%，沙地面积增幅0.30%，草地面积降幅1.07%；（2）流域内各主要河流多年平均径流量为22.99×108~67.46×108 m3，多年平均输沙量63.20×104~3070.00×104t；开都河多年平均含沙量为0.24 kg/m3，其余河流平均含沙量均大于4kg/m3；塔里木河流域年径流量和年输沙量均呈现下降变化趋势，且年输沙量的变异性（40.89%~73.11%）大于年径流量（15.54%~35.37%）；（3）各主要河流的年径流量、年输沙量与耕地和城乡居民用地的占比均呈负相关关系，与林地、草地、沙地等均呈现正相关关系。建议合理进行土地开发，禁止盲目开荒种田，充分运用智能化手段开展在线动态监测，及时掌握水土流失情况，恢复和重建塔里木河流域生态。  相似文献   

坐水播种时耕层土壤水分再分布的数值分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李子强  郭维东  杨天恩 《安徽农业科学》2006,34(1):108-109,195

利用朝阳县的旱地土壤取得基本参数后,应用数学模型计算了坐水播种时耕层土壤水分再分布时的土壤湿润状况参数,通过数值分析揭示了坐水播种湿润锋运动和土壤含水率的变化规律。结果显示:湿润锋运动速度和土壤含水率的变化速度都是由快逐渐减慢,所形成的湿润区近似一个球冠体;土壤含水率中的最大值出现在沟底附近;并提出可以用历时7 d的土壤湿润状况参数作为衡量坐水播种灌水质量的指标。  相似文献   

滇池沉积物铵态氮的时空变化特征研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

陈永川  张德刚  汤利 《土壤学报》2010,47(6):1180-1187

沉积物在湖泊氮、磷循环和水体富营养化过程中起着重要作用。本研究应用GPS定位技术,于2003年5月至2004年5月,对滇池海埂、斗南、罗家村、新街、昆阳等5个代表性样点沉积物铵态氮含量进行为期1 a的动态监测,全面分析了滇池不同区域、不同层次、不同时期沉积物铵态氮的动态变化特征。结果表明,滇池沉积物铵态氮平均含量为74.57 mg kg-1,全湖沉积物铵态氮平均含量年变化范围是45.55~170.1mg kg-1。沉积物铵态氮因季节变化其变化幅度很大,各区域沉积物铵态氮含量总体趋势夏季高、冬季低,但不同位点变化高峰和趋势不同。不同层次沉积物铵态氮含量变化随季节而变化,夏季为表层(0~5 cm)中层(5~10 cm)底层(10~20 cm),冬季为中层表层和底层。表层、中层、底层沉积物铵态氮含量的变化范围分别为18.71~172.9mg kg-1、29.55~192.2mg kg-1、19.93~123.8mg kg-1。各区域沉积物铵态氮平均含量以罗家村最高,斗南最低。沉积物铵态氮与水体铵态氮、水体pH呈显著正相关,与沉积物有效磷呈显著负相关,暗示了沉积物铵态氮是水体氮的源和库,并影响着沉积物中磷的释放。  相似文献   

鲁中山区小流域坡面土壤侵蚀产流、产沙及侵蚀方式变化过程的研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

董元杰  付伟章  陈为峰  史衍玺  孔凡美 《土壤通报》2010,(1)

采用模拟降雨的方法对鲁中山区坡面土壤降雨条件下产流、产沙和侵蚀方式的演变过程进行了研究,结果表明:产流量都是随时间递增最终达到稳定产流,但是各次降雨达到稳定产流的时间均随降雨强度和坡度的增大而递减。相同坡度条件下120mmh-1雨强产流较60mmh-1雨强先到稳态,而相同雨强条件下10°坡面则较5°坡面先达到稳态。产沙量呈递增趋势且逐渐达到稳定产沙,达到稳定产沙的时间随雨强和坡度的增大而递减。相同坡度条件下120mmh-1雨强处理较60mmh-1雨强处理先达到稳态,相同雨强条件下10°坡面比5°坡面产沙过程先达到稳定产沙状态;在降雨过程中坡面首先产生面蚀,后出现细沟侵蚀;面蚀率随降雨历时延长有减小趋势,但变幅较小,细沟侵蚀率随降雨时间先急剧增加后保持稳定。  相似文献   

Coarse bed material patch evolution in low-order,ephemeral channels     

Brendan Yuill  Mary Nichols  Elowyn Yager 《CATENA》2010

In river channel beds composed of a wide range of grain sizes, the bed material is often arranged in discrete patches discernable by relative texture. These bed material patches are the primary source of entrainable coarse sediment within the channel system and their composition and size have been found to influence the composition and rate of sediment transport. Twelve coarse (gravel–cobble) sediment patches distributed throughout the channel network within a 4.53 ha watershed in southeastern Arizona were monitored for 2 years. Changes in patch area and grain size were measured and painted patch grains were monitored to confirm that patch grains were mobilized during flow. Individual coarse bed material patches exhibited variable persistence during flows with return frequencies ranging from approximately 1 year to 4.6 years. While no patch fully dispersed during the study period, two new patches formed. Most coarse patches remained relatively stable in area and grain-size distribution despite the entrainment of patch grains as lost grains were sufficiently replaced with sediment from upstream. Because of the grain replacement process and the effect of other sediment supply dynamics, the changes in patch area and grain-size distribution display a complex relationship with the magnitude of predicted grain mobilization within each patch. Results indicate that relative stability varies from patch to patch, influenced by the balance of patch grains transported out of the patch and the deposition of new grains into the patch. Predictive models of coarse sediment transport and yield that assume the channel bed is a fixed source of sediment supply may not adequately capture the sediment dynamics within patchy channel beds and should be used with caution when applied to these environments due to the possibility of patch instability as documented in this study.  相似文献   

东苕溪中下游沉积物重金属污染特征与评价     

蒋科  黄亮亮  张颖纯  张芬 《安徽农业科学》2013,41(5):2197-2200,2245

于2009年10月和2010年5月在东苕溪中下游河段采集沉积物样品34个,测定了沉积物中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn的含量,并用地积累指数法对沉积物中重金属污染进行评价分析。结果表明,Hg和Ni含量属于国家一级土壤标准;Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn含量基本属于国家一级至二级土壤标准;2009年As含量属于国家一级至二级土壤标准,2010年As含量属于国家二级至三级土壤标准;Cd污染最严重,属于国家三级土壤标准。采用地积累指数法对东苕溪中下游沉积物中重金属的污染状况进行评价,结果显示,Cd污染最严重,As次之,Cr污染最轻;东苕溪中下游河段76.5%的样品重金属浓度具有增大的趋势。  相似文献   

河西绿洲灌区保护性耕作对土壤风蚀特征的影响     

李银科  李菁菁  周兰萍  刘光武  张进虎  张芝萍  郑庆钟 《中国生态农业学报》2019,27(9):1421-1429

为研究河西绿洲灌区保护性耕作对土壤风蚀的影响,通过春小麦田间试验,设置免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖、立茬和残茬压倒4种保护性耕作处理,以传统耕作为对照,分析了河西绿洲灌区不同保护性耕作措施对田间输沙量、风蚀深度、风蚀物粒径组成、风速的影响。结果表明：0~30 cm高度输沙量能敏感地反映不同耕作措施之间输沙量的差异。与传统耕作相比,免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖、立茬和残茬压倒处理0~30 cm高度输沙量分别减少17.4%~46.7%、21.7%~45.2%、24.7%~48.2%和10.7%~42.4%。风蚀深度传统耕作为1.22~1.44 mm,4种保护性耕作处理均为0 mm。与传统耕作相比,保护性耕作处理风蚀物粒径组成无显著变化,但<0.063 mm细粒占比有减小趋势。立茬处理20 cm高度风速显著降低24.1%~39.5%,其他保护性耕作措施风速降低不显著。综上所述,河西绿洲灌区不同保护性耕作措施能不同程度地抑制土壤风蚀,立茬处理是相对较优的保护性耕作措施,适宜该地区推广应用。  相似文献   

Contamination history of suspended river sediments accumulated in oxbow lakes over the last 25 years   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

Ondrej Bábek  Klára Hilscherová  Slavomír Nehyba  Josef Zeman  Martin Famera  Juraj Francu  Ivan Holoubek  Jirí Machát  Jana Klánová 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2008,8(3):165-176

Background, aims, and scope  Embankment of meandering river systems in many industrial areas results in the formation of artificial oxbow lakes that may act as perennial or intermittent traps for river sediments. Their deposits can be dated using a combination of historical and stratigraphic data, providing a good means to study historical records of contamination transported by rivers. Contamination history over the last few decades is of special significance for Central and Eastern Europe as it can reflect high pollutant levels in the second half of the twentieth century and the subsequent improvement after the fall of the Iron Curtain. The purpose of this study was to investigate recent sediments of an oxbow lake of the Morava River, Czech Republic, their stratigraphic records, sediment architecture, and history of contamination. Materials and methods  Seven ground-penetrating radar (GPR) profiles and three sediment cores up to 4 m deep were studied. The stratigraphy of the cores was inferred from visible-light spectrophotometry, X-ray radiography, grain size analysis, and semiquantitative modal analysis of sandy fractions. The sediments were dated using the ¹³⁷Cs mass activity and combinations of stratigraphic and historical data. The cores were sampled for concentrations of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants. Wet sampled, lyophilized, and sieved sediments were extracted and analyzed for heavy metals by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) of aqua regia leachate and for persistent organic pollutants by gas chromatography (GC-ECD and GC-MS). Results  Three distinct sedimentary sequences (S1, S2, and S3) were identified. The basal sequence S1 represents river channel sediments deposited before the formation of the oxbow lake, most likely before the 1930s. The boundary between the S1 and S2 sequence correlates with the level of sediment dredging from 1981 evidenced from historical data. The overlying sequences S2 and S3 represent a postdredging sediment wedge, which progrades into the lake. ¹³⁷Cs dating revealed a distinct Chernobyl 1986 peak at ∼150 cm depth inferring sedimentation rates up to 7.7 cm/year. Sediment contamination abruptly increased from the pre-1930s deposits to the post-1981 deposits. The concentration levels increased two to five times for Pb, As, Zn, and Cu, about 10 to 15 times for Cr, Sb, and Hg, up to 34 times for Cd, and 25 to 67 times for DDTs, PCBs, and PAHs. The concentrations of most contaminants remained approximately constant until the late 1980s when they started to decrease slowly. The decreasing trends were most prominent for heavy metals and anthracene, less prominent for DDTs, and almost absent for PCBs and most PAHs. Discussion  Different temporal and spatial patterns for various contaminants make it possible to distinguish between anthropogenic point sources from local industry (anthracene, Cr, Cd), possible diffuse sources (most PAHs), and geological background (V, Co, Ni, and Mo). The observed recent trends in heavy metal and persistent organic pollutant contamination are generally consistent with data from other Central European rivers. The roughly balanced contamination levels in sediments from the lake and the adjacent river channel suggest that the oxbow lake deposits reflect immediate levels of the contamination bound to suspended particulate matter passing through the river. Conclusions  The investigated oxbow lake accumulated suspended sediment from Morava River, developing a thick sedimentary body. The sediments offer a good time framework to study historical contamination of the river on a decade time scale. Continuous contamination trends can be traced back to the early 1980s. The results show that stratigraphic analysis of cores has a good potential for identification of uninterrupted historical trends and unconformities, e.g., due to dredging. Recommendations and perspectives  Oxbow lakes may provide an alternative to floodplains and reservoir deposits when studying river contamination history. High sedimentation rates of up to 7.7 cm/year offer a very good stratigraphic resolution, making it possible to study contamination patterns on annual or even seasonal time scales. On the other hand, oxbow lakes may represent long-term contamination stores, which are unlikely to be redistributed by river erosion and, hence, may possess significant environmental risks for the farther future.  相似文献