Diagnosis of mineral clogging hazards in subsurface drainage systems     

Christiane Lennoz-Gratin  Benoît Lesaffre  Michel Penel 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》1993,6(4):345-354

The paper presents a global review of drain clogging hazard criteria. Some of them are simple granulometric formulae, some include an evaluation of soil structural stability, and some others are based on laboratory tests which reproduce water-flow through a soil core. A recent development is then described. Terzaghi's theory of critical hydraulic gradient explains structural break-up of soil samples by water-flow towards drain pipes. Based on this theoretical approach, a laboratory test has been designed to determine experimental values of the hydraulic gradient causing soil breaking. This test is used to compare the stability of different soil materials and to diagnose mineral clogging hazards.Due to the existence of numerous granulometric criteria there is evidence that no global criterion can be found. If a proper granulometric criterion is suited to a given climatological and pedological context, the hydraulic laboratory test is probably the most cost-effective method to diagnose mineral clogging hazard, especially when no field references are available.  相似文献   

滴头堵塞程度分级和评价及堵塞风险预测方法   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

董爱红  张文倩  张二信  王彦邦  牛文全 《农业工程学报》2022,38(5):56-64

为了准确监测滴头的堵塞状态，预测滴头堵塞程度的发展变化趋势。该研究基于模糊综合评价法，以相对流量变化量、灌水均匀度变化量为评价指标，用熵权法和三角形隶属度函数计算各评价指标权重和隶属度，建立了滴头堵塞综合评价指标（Evaluation Index，EI），利用灰色GM(1,1)预测模型预测滴头堵塞程度随灌水时间的变化情况。结果表明：滴头堵塞是一个随灌水时间增加而波动渐进的过程，滴头堵塞过程可分为波动平稳阶段和快速发展阶段2个过程，不同滴头的堵塞过程具有一致性规律，不同灌水时间的EI值间具有很好的相关性，可以根据前期试验数据预测滴头后期堵塞程度的变化趋势；提出了基于EI的滴头堵塞程度5级分级标准和方法，建立了基于5次测试灌水数据的滴头堵塞风险灰色GM(1,1)预测方法，可以预测不同滴头未来不同灌水时间后的滴头堵塞状态，对7种滴头堵塞程度的预测结果准确率为85.7%。该方法为滴头抗堵塞能力评价以及滴灌工程抗堵塞预防措施的配置提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

Pollination of urban meadows – Plant reproductive success and urban-related factors influencing frequency of pollinators visits     

《Urban Forestry & Urban Greening》2023

Pollination is a key ecological service for human food security and the reproduction of the majority of flowering plants. This plant-animal interaction is crucial in both wild and urban habitats, however, increasing urbanization and change in land use alter these interactions. The concerns regarding pollination have led to numerous efforts aimed at improving the quality of wildlife in cities, however, understanding the importance of these activities warrants further research. In Warsaw, the Polish capital, we analyzed the influence of urban-related factors such as floral resource richness, the proportion of green areas in the proximity of foraging sites, air pollution or temperature on plant-pollinator interaction in 14 meadows. We also analyzed the reproductive success and the heterospecific pollen transfer in the case of plants growing in the meadows. Our study revealed that the frequency of visits to flowers was related to city-related factors, but the reaction varied among different groups of pollinators. For example, bumblebees were negatively influenced by higher air pollution, while the rest of the flower visitors were not, Syrphidae flies were more frequent flower visitors when the proportion of green area was higher in the buffer of 150 m, while we did not observe this tendency in other groups of flower visitors. Plants growing in Warsaw meadows were frequently visited and effectively pollinated - urban pollinator assemblages seem to provide sufficient pollination services to plants growing in the city. Species-rich communities were not a threat to pollination; we found mostly conspecific pollen grains on the stigmas of the studied plant species. The results of our study show that species-rich communities make a valuable contribution to pollinator conservation. The conservation activities, however, should be adjusted to the target group of pollinators, since different groups of flower visitors respond differently to urban-related factors studied.  相似文献