改进暗管排水结构型式对排水性能的影响     

陶园  王少丽  许迪  瞿兴业 《农业机械学报》2016,47(4):113-118,179

提出一种占用耕地少、排水流量较常规暗排大且环境友好的改进暗排。基于室内土柱试验,分析改进暗排在地表积水、土体饱和条件下的排水除涝性能及其机理,提出地表积水土体饱和入渗条件下改进暗排排水流量的理论计算公式。结果表明,改进暗排可以有效提高暗管排水能力,试验条件下,反滤体宽度为2~6 cm的改进暗排在自由出流条件下的排水流量为常规暗排排水流量的2~3倍;积水层深度相同时,改进暗排排水性能随反滤体宽度的增加而增大,但增幅逐渐减小;土体介质和反滤体的渗透系数差别越大,改进暗排的排水作用越明显。理论方法计算结果与试验结果相吻合,证明提出的理论计算公式是合理可行的。  相似文献   

耕作方式转变对土壤蓄水保墒影响的RZWQM模型模拟   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

丁晋利  武继承  杨永辉  何建强  冯浩 《农业机械学报》2016,47(4):136-145

基于2011—2012年和2013—2014年河南禹州冬小麦长期定位试验,利用传统耕作、免耕和深松处理下土壤水分、地上部生物量和产量对RZWQM(Root zone water quality model)模型进行率定和验证,然后利用率定后的模型模拟传统耕作转变为保护性耕作方式后0~100 cm土层贮水量、耗水量、土壤剖面水分平衡及水分利用效率的动态变化。在模型率定和验证中,土壤分层含水率模拟值和实测值之间的均方根误差(RMSE)分别在0.009~0.025 cm3/cm3和0.005~0.054 cm3/cm3范围内变化。模型模拟结果表明RZWQM模型能够较好地模拟耕作方式转变后土壤分层水分的动态变化,4种不同耕作转变模式(传统耕作分别转变为免耕、免耕+秸秆覆盖、深松、深松+秸秆覆盖)下,传统耕作转变为免耕后产量最高,水分利用效率最大,达19.3 kg/(hm2·mm)。因此,该模拟条件下传统耕作转变为免耕的蓄水保墒效果最好。  相似文献   

井灌区控制灌溉模式水稻灌水规律研究     

范永洋  刘东 《节水灌溉》2016,(6):46-50

在考虑降水蒸发蒸腾等影响一致的情况下,研究了常规灌溉、控制灌溉Ⅰ、控制灌溉Ⅱ、控制灌溉Ⅲ4种不同灌溉模式下水稻各生育期灌水量、产量性状,通过方差分析研究了不同灌溉模式对水稻产量的影响、灌溉水利用率并拟合得到灌水量与产量的回归方程。试验结果表明:各灌溉模式灌溉水利用率为控制灌溉Ⅰ控制灌溉Ⅲ控制灌溉Ⅱ常规灌溉,图表中看出返青到分蘖末为需水非敏感期、拔节孕穗期和抽穗开花期为需水敏感期,不同灌溉模式对产量影响显著。控Ⅰ灌溉水利用率最高,能够达到节水增产的目的,合理利用水资源。  相似文献   

长期保护性耕作对冬小麦氮素积累和转运的影响     

丁晋利  武继承  杨永辉  冯浩 《农业机械学报》2017,48(2):240-246,341

基于长期定位耕作试验(2006—2016年),探讨长期传统翻耕、免耕和深松耕作对冬小麦关键生育期0~100 cm土层土壤含水率的影响,分析长期免耕和深松耕作下冬小麦植株氮素积累和转运的特性。试验结果表明:长期免耕和深松耕作较传统翻耕均不同程度提高了0~100 cm土层土壤含水率,但在较干旱年份,不同生育期免耕蓄水保墒效果优于深松耕作。从冬小麦扬花期到成熟期,无论何种耕作方式氮素在茎和叶中的分配比例逐渐减小,在穗中的分配比例逐渐增大。扬花期,与传统翻耕相比,连续2 a免耕分别提高茎、叶和穗的平均氮素积累量44.3%、80.5%和70.9%,而连续2 a深松耕作未呈现显著变化;成熟期,连续2 a免耕和深松耕作较传统翻耕均显著降低了茎的平均氮素积累量,增加了籽粒的平均氮素积累量(P0.05),且免耕优于深松耕作。此外,与传统耕作相比,免耕显著提高冬小麦植株营养器官氮素转运量、转移率和营养器官对籽粒的贡献率(P0.05),而深松耕作仅在较干旱年份未明显提高冬小麦植株营养器官转运量和对籽粒的贡献率。综上,长期深松耕作并不能持续促进冬小麦植株氮素积累与转运,对于干旱少雨年份免耕优于深松耕作。  相似文献   

耕作管理措施对残茬覆盖及其分解的影响     

ZHANG Zhi-Guo  XU Qi  R. L. BLEVINS 《土壤圈》1998,8(3):193-200

The effects of tillage methods on percent surface residue cover remaining and decomposition rates of crop residues were evaluated in this study. The line transect method was used to measure residue cover percentage on continuous corn (Zea mays L.) plots under no tillage (NT), conventional tillage (CT), chisel plow (CH), and disk tillage (DT). Samples of rye (Secale cereale L.) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) were used for residue decomposition study. Results showed that the percentage of residue cover remaining was significantly higher for NT than for CH and DT and that for CT was the lowest (< 10%). For the same tillage system, the percent residue cover remaining was significantly higher in the higher fertilizer N rate treatments relative to the lower fertilizer N treatments. Weight losses of rye and vetch residues followed a similar pattern under CT and DT, and they were significantly faster in CT and DT than in NT system. Also, the amounts of residue N remaining during the first 16 weeks were always higher under NT than under CT and DT.  相似文献   

Assessment of tillage translocation and tillage erosion by hoeing on the steep land in hilly areas of Sichuan, China   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  

J. H. Zhang  D. A. Lobb  Y. Li  G. C. Liu 《Soil & Tillage Research》2004,75(2):99-107

Most of the tillage erosion studies have focused on the effect of tractor-plough tillage on soil translocation and soil loss. Only recently, have a few studies contributed to the understanding of tillage erosion by manual tillage. Furthermore, little is known about the impact of tillage erosion in hilly areas of the humid sub-tropics. This study on tillage erosion by hoeing was conducted on a purple soil (Regosols) of the steep land, in Jianyang County, Sichuan Province, southwestern China (30°24′N and 104°35′E) using the physical tracer method.

The effects of hoeing tillage on soil translocation on hillslopes are quite evident. The tillage transport coefficients were 26–38 kg m⁻¹ per tillage pass and 121–175 kg m⁻¹ per tillage pass respectively for k₃- and k₄-values. Given that there was a typical downslope parcel length of 15 m and two times of tillage per year in this area, the tillage erosion rates on the 4–43% hillslopes reached 48–151 Mg ha⁻¹ per year. The downslope soil translocation is closely related to slope gradient. Lateral soil translocation by such tillage is also obvious though it is lower than downslope soil translocation. Strong downslope translocation accounts for thin soil layers and the exposure of parent materials/rocks at the ridge tops and on convexities in the hilly areas. Deterioration in soil quality and therefore reduction in plant productivity due to tillage-induced erosion would be evident at the ridge tops and convex shoulders.  相似文献   

长期免耕水稻田土壤的生物特征研究   总被引：40，自引：8，他引：40  

张磊  肖剑英等 《水土保持学报》2002,16(2):111-114

对经过 10年半旱式免耕定位试验的水稻土主要微生物类群数量和微生物生物量的变化进行对比研究 ,结果表明 :实行半旱式厢作及垄作免耕法能够迅速地提高土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和速效氮、磷的水平 ;微生物数量和微生物生物量变化一般存在季节性规律 :春季高 ,夏季至夏末降低 ;各处理土体上层和下层 (0～ 7.5 cm,7.5～15 cm)的基本肥力特征及微生物特征无明显区别 ;免耕处理土壤 ,其微生物的季节性变幅较小 ,垄上或厢上土壤微生物生物量甚至表现反季节性 ,整个生长季节内稳中有升 ,有利于土壤有机物质的转化和土壤肥力的发挥  相似文献   

覆盖免耕土壤棵间蒸发的研究   总被引：22，自引：0，他引：22  

张海林  秦耀东  朱文珊 《土壤通报》2003,34(4):259-261

本文以翻耕、铁茬等常规耕作为对照,采用Micro-1ysimeter对覆盖免耕夏玉米田的土壤棵间蒸发进行了较为系统地研究。同翻耕、铁茬等相比,免耕有效地减少土壤棵间蒸发,免耕土壤日蒸发量最低,铁茬其次,翻耕最高;从阶段土壤棵间蒸发量变化看,翻耕的蒸发量较高,前期与免耕和铁茬差异较大,后期差异减小,免耕最低;从蒸发占蒸散的比例看,翻耕蒸发比例高,免耕比例最低。免耕可以有效地减少土壤蒸发量,增加作物蒸腾耗水。  相似文献   

Tillage and crop sequence effects on organic carbon and total nitrogen content in an irrigated Alberta soil   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

X. Hao  C. Chang  C. W. Lindwall 《Soil & Tillage Research》2001,62(3-4):167-169

A better understanding of tillage effects on soil organic matter is vital for development of effective soil conservation practices. The objective of this research is to determine the effect of tillage and crop sequence on soil organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (TN) content in an irrigated southern Alberta soil. A field experiment was conducted using a split–split plot design from 1994 to 1998 in Alberta, Canada. There were two crop sequences (Sequence 1: spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)–spring wheat–annual legume; and Sequence 2: spring wheat–spring wheat–annual legume–sugar beet) and two tillage practices (CT: conventional tillage and MT: minimum tillage). Surface soil under MT had significantly higher OC (30.1 Mg ha⁻¹) content than under CT (28.3 Mg ha⁻¹) after 4 years of treatment. The MT treatment retains crop residue at the soil surface, reduces soil erosion and slows organic matter decomposition, which are key factors in enhancing the soil fertility status of southern Alberta irrigated soils.  相似文献   

基于离散元法的板结草地破土切根刀优化设计与试验   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张学宁  尤泳  王德成  王昭宇  廖洋洋  吕杰 《农业机械学报》2022,53(11):176-187

不同结构形式的破土切根刀作业性能差异较大,为更好的打破草地土壤板结结构,对破土切根刀进行了结构设计与参数优化。应用离散元法构建土壤模型,并通过直剪试验对该模型进行参数标定;以破土切根刀的刃口角、滑切角及切齿角为试验因素,以耕作阻力、土壤扰动失效面积及比阻为目标参数,进行单因素试验和三因素五水平二次正交旋转中心组合设计试验,得到最优结构参数组合并加工优化破土切根刀进行草地试验。参数优化试验结果显示,当刃口角为37.8°、滑切角为33.6°、切齿角为51.8°时,破土切根刀作业效果最佳;草地试验表明,与三角形破土切根刀相比,优化破土切根刀在不同坚实度草地土壤的减阻率分别为11.8%和12.8%,作业后地表平整度更小且未出现明显翻垡,更符合草地作业农艺要求。研究结果可为破土切根刀的标准化设计提供理论依据。  相似文献