Long-term impacts of an organophosphate-based regime of pesticides on field and field-edge Collembola communities     

Frampton GK 《Pest management science》2002,58(10):991-1001

During a 6-year study, effects of two contrasting regimes of pesticide use on pitfall and suction catches of Collembola were monitored in an arable field under a rotation of grass and winter wheat. Current farm practice (CFP) represented conventional fungicide and herbicide use plus applications of organophosphorus (OP) insecticides, whereas reduced input approach (RIA) utilised minimum inputs of fungicides and herbicides and excluded any use of insecticides. Compared with RIA, the CFP regime caused a substantial decline in the abundance and diversity of Collembola in the field, including the local disappearance of one species, without recovery during the study. At the field edge, which was protected during OP applications by a 6-m unsprayed buffer zone, effects of the CFP regime were less severe, and were not persistent in the long term. Some Collembola species occurred only in field-edge samples. Pitfall and suction sampling yielded remarkably similar patterns of catches, indicating that pitfall trapping may be appropriate for detecting long-term changes in collembolan abundance caused by intensive agricultural management practices.  相似文献   

Computational chemistry study of the environmentally important acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of atrazine and related 2-chloro-s-triazines     

Sawunyama P  Bailey GW 《Pest management science》2002,58(8):759-768

Many chlorine-containing pesticides, for example 2-chloro-s-triazines, are of great concern both environmentally and toxicologically. As a result, ascertaining or predicting the fate and transport of these compounds in soils and water is of current interest. Transformation pathways for 2-chloro-s-triazines in the environment include dealkylation, dechlorination (hydrolysis), and ring cleavage. This study explored the feasibility of using computational chemistry, specifically the hybrid density functional theory method, B3LYP, to predict hydrolysis trends of atrazine (2-chloro-N4-ethyl-N6-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) and related 2-chloro-s-triazines to the corresponding 2-hydroxy-s-triazines. Gas-phase energetics are described on the basis of calculations performed at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory. Calculated free energies of hydrolysis (delta h G298) are nearly the same for simazine (2-chloro-N4,N6-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine), atrazine, and propazine (2-chloro-N4,N6-di-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine), suggesting that hydrolysis is not significantly affected by the side-chain amine-nitrogen alkyl substituents. High-energy barriers also suggest that the reactions are not likely to be observed in the gas phase. Aqueous solvation effects were examined by means of self-consistent reaction field methods (SCRF). Molecular structures were optimized at the B3LYP/6-31G* level using the Onsager model, and solvation energies were calculated at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level using the isodensity surface polarizable continuum model (IPCM). Although the extent of solvent stabilization was greater for cationic species than neutral ones, the full extent of solvation is underestimated, especially for the transition state structures. As a consequence, the calculated hydrolysis barrier for protonated atrazine is exaggerated compared with the experimentally determined one. Overall, the hydrolysis reactions follow a concerted nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) pathway.  相似文献   

Blood lactate responses to submaximal field exercise tests in thoroughbred horses     

Davie AL  Evans DJ 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2000,159(3):361-258

The associations between velocity during a standardized, submaximal 800-m exercise test and blood lactate concentration after exercise were investigated in Thoroughbred racehorses on sand and grass racetracks. Predicted lactate concentrations for each horse's exercise test velocity were calculated from the line of best fit derived from results at each racetrack. The repeatability of the differences between the measured and predicted blood lactate response to exercise was also investigated. Exercise tests were conducted at speeds ranging from 12.8 to 16.6 m/s. The variability of velocity within the exercise test was expressed as the coefficient of variation (CV) of the times for the four 200-m sections.On the sand track, the coefficient of determination for the lactate-speed relationship was highest for an exponential regression equation [lactate (mmol/L) = 0.08e(0.33x)(m/s);r(2)= 0.58, P< 0.05;n = 21]. Similar coefficients of determination were calculated for linear (r(2)= 0.56) and second order polynomial equations (r(2)= 0. 57). On the grass racetrack, the relationship was best described by a second order polynomial equation [lactate (mmol/L) = -0.87x(2)+ 28. 17x - 211.41;r(2)= 0.57, P< 0.05;n = 25]. The mean differences between the measured and predicted blood lactate concentrations in repeated tests were 1.9 +/- 1.8 (SD) and 1.8 +/- 1.7 ( SD) on the sand and grass racetracks. There were no significant associations between the velocity of the exercise and the CV on either racetrack. Differences between measured and predicted blood lactate concentrations, based on track-specific lines of best fit, have potential application in field studies of fitness in Thoroughbred horses.  相似文献   

PEF辅助快速提取非特异性奶牛脾脏转移因子的实验研究     

王春利  王婷 《乳业科学与技术》2006,28(6):290-292

应用PEF成功从奶牛脾脏中提取非特异性转移因子，并与常规提取法和复合酶提取法进行了比较.经理化特性分析，奶牛脾脏转移因子是以低分子多肽（〈10kD）为主的混合物，含有少量核酸和氨基酸.实验表明，将物料溶解于6倍质量的磷酸盐（pH7．0）缓；中液中，在脉冲电场强度为25kV／cm，脉冲数为16μs，和流速为2mL／min的条件下，提取液中低分子多肽的含量有最大值9．85mg／mL.PEF提取率是常规方法的2倍，复合酶法的1．47倍.PEF法耗时短，操作简单，成本低，因此，PEF提取是一种很有希望的提取非特异性奶牛脾脏转移因子方法.  相似文献   

Effects of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) hay feeding on dry matter intake and milk production of Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) fed rice straw ad libitum     

Yoshiaki HAYASHI  Naba Raj DEVKOTA  Hajime KUMAGAI † 《Animal Science Journal》2007,78(2):151-158

To identify the effects of field pea hay (FPH) as a supplement of rice straw (RS) on feed intake and milk production of mid‐late lactation buffaloes in Tarai, Nepal, nine multiparous Murrah were fed a concentrate at 0.6% of their bodyweight (BW) on a concentrate dry matter (DM) basis daily while having ad libitum access to RS. The buffaloes were divided into three groups, and the experiment with three levels of FPH feeding was conducted at the following rate of BW: 0% (T1), 0.5% (T2) and 1.0% (T3) on an FPH DM basis. The DM intake (DMI) was higher in T2 and T3 than in T1. As the amount of FPH was raised, the BW change, crude protein intake (CPI) and total digestible nutrient intake (TDNI) was increased. Although the yield of milk and milk composition did not differ among the treatments, the 7% fat corrected milk yield (FCMY) tended to increase as FPH feeding amount was raised. Although there were no significant differences in FCMY/DMI and FCMY/TDNI among the treatments, FCMY/CPI decreased with FPH feeding. Supplementary FPH increased DMI, CPI and TDNI that might have raised BW, and tended to improve FCMY in mid‐late lactating buffaloes as a result of an increase in TDNI.  相似文献   

云南中亚热带禾本科高产饲草引种试验     

袁福锦吴文荣  艾有林刘霞余永华  黄必志 《四川草原》2006,(5):5-7

在云南中亚热带试验点,对8个禾本科饲草栽培种进行引种栽培试验,结果表明:墨西哥类玉米、8493墨西哥类玉米、大力士甜高粱、先锋高丹草和M-8IE甜高粱5个栽培种干物质产量高,适应性强,适宜在相似气候条件地区推广种植。  相似文献   

椰心叶甲的天敌——椰心叶甲啮小蜂在田间扩散距离测定   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

马子龙  赵松林  覃伟权  韩超文  黄光斗 《中国生物防治》2006,(Z1)

采用软皮尺实地丈量,使用OP3000水准仪测量和使用地球定位仪———Gps72测定椰心叶甲的天敌———椰心叶甲啮小蜂在田间释放后的扩散距离及向上扩散的高度。结果表明:椰心叶甲啮小蜂在田间有一定的向周边扩散能力,在田间释放后20d,啮小蜂可向周边扩散10~50m。7个月后,最远可扩散6 km。扩散距离与风向有关,东北风较多情况下,向西南扩散最远距离可达6060 m,向东北方向扩散仅仅890 m。啮小蜂在田间扩散呈椭圆形状向各方向扩散,顺风面扩散距离远、范围较大。  相似文献   

紫花苜蓿品种比较试验   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

吕林有何跃  魏臻武王威  赵艳林丽 《牧草与饲料》2007,1(3):35-37,51

通过对26个紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa）品种的生育期、株高、产量、越冬率等指标的试验比较，结果表明：公农一号、保丰、陇东、德福等几个品种的表现优于其他参试品种，适宜在辽西北风沙地地区推广种植。  相似文献   

甘薯地土壤线虫群体分布规律及取样方法研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

海棠  武保悦  金凤柱  胡跃高 《中国植保导刊》2006,26(10):7-10

在5年连作甘薯地,于甘薯移栽前和移栽后的不同时间,调查甘薯穴中和穴间、株间和行间以及各样点不同土层线虫的群体数量。分析明确了植物寄生线虫和非植物寄生线虫群体的水平分布和垂直分布规律,提出了研究和了解甘薯地土壤线虫发生动态的调查取样方法。  相似文献   

甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂ZJ 0712对黄瓜 白粉病和霜霉病的毒力及药效评价   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

王勇  王万立  刘春艳  郝永娟 《农药学学报》2006,8(2):121-124

ZJ 0712,2- -3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯,是我国自行创制的高效广谱杀菌剂。为评价该药剂10%SC对黄瓜白粉病和霜霉病的使用效果,进行了室内和田间药效评价。经室内检测,该药剂对白粉病菌Sphaerotheca fuliginea的EC50和EC90值分别为1.79和 5.47 μg/mL,对霜霉病菌Pseudoperonospora cubensis的EC50和EC90值分别为0.34和 45.15 μg/mL。 田间试验结果表明,该药剂对白粉病在10 ~20 g/hm2、对霜霉病在37.5 ~150 g/hm2剂量下防效分别为85.79% ~91.33%和86.70% ~90.18%。该药剂在本试验剂量范围内对作物安全。  相似文献