辐射聚合离子性水凝胶固定化酵母细胞     

陆兆新  藤村  卓 《核农学报》1990,4(4):230-234

在低温(-78℃)下,通过辐照使2-丙烯酰胺2-甲基丙磺酸(TBAS)和聚乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸醇系列单体聚合,获得了具有离子性的水凝胶载体。用这些载体固定化酵母细胞的乙醇生产力均比游离细胞高,其中用poly TBAS-14G固定化细胞的乙醇生产力是游离细胞的4.5倍,每小时糖的转化率达50％。固定化酵母的活性随聚乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸分子中乙二醇数目的增加而增加。固定化酵母具有较高活性的原因是这些高分子载体具有一定的多孔性、膨胀性,载体带有电荷并具有一定的机械强度,固定化细胞能较好地繁殖,使载体内具有较高的细胞密度。  相似文献   

Immobilization of heavy metals in soils using inorganic amendments in a greenhouse study   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Wolfgang Friesl  Enzo Lombi  Othmar Horak  Walter W. Wenzel 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2003,166(2):191-196

The effect of red mud (10 g kg^–1), a by‐product of the alumina industry, zeolite (20 g kg^–1), a naturally‐occurring hydrous aluminosilicate, and lime (3 g kg^–1) on metal lability in soil and uptake by fescue (Festuca rubra L.) (FEST) and amaranthus (Amaranthus hybridus L.) (AMA) was investigated in four different soils from Austria. The soil collection locations were Untertiefenbach (UNT), Weyersdorf (WEY), Reisenberg (REI), and Arnoldstein (ARN). The latter was collected in the vicinity of a former Pb‐Zn smelter and was highly polluted with Pb (12300 mg kg^–1), Zn (2713 mg kg^–1), and Cd (19.7 mg kg^–1) by long‐term deposition. The other soils were spiked with Zn (700 mg kg^–1), Cu (250 mg kg^–1), Ni (100 mg kg^–1), V (100 mg kg^–1), and Cd (7 mg kg^–1) salts in 1987. The two plant species were cultivated for 15 months. Ammonium nitrate (1 M) extraction was used in a soil : solution ratio of 1:2.5 to assess the influence of the amendments on the labile metal pools. The reduction of metal extractability due to red mud was 70 % (Cd), 89 % (Zn), and 74 % (Ni) in the sandy soil (WEY). Plant uptake in this treatment was reduced by 38 to 87 % (Cd), 50 to 81 % (Zn), and 66 to 87 % (Ni) when compared to the control. Sequential extraction revealed relative enrichments of Fe‐oxide‐associated metal fractions at the expense of exchangeable metal fractions. Red mud was the only amendment that decreased lability in soil and plant uptake of Zn, Cd, and Ni consistently. Possible drawbacks of red mud application (e.g., As and Cr concentration) remain to be evaluated.  相似文献   

Microbial growth and nitrogen immobilization in the root zone of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), and white clover (Trifolium repens L.)     

T. A. Breland  L. R. Bakken 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1991,12(2):154-160

Summary The effect of roots on microbial growth and N immobilization was investigated in a pot experiment with barley, Italian ryegrass, and white clover. We used a silty subsoil with a low soil organic matter content (0.16%C and 0.012%N), which allowed us to measure N immobilization as an increase in total soil organic N (planted versus unplanted). At sampling, the soil was easily removed from intact roots by gentle washing, with a negligible loss of root material. Plant growth and extra mineral N (in planted soil only) gave increased total counts (fluorescence microscopy) and viable counts (plate dilution) of bacteria, a higher proportion of larger cells, and increased viable counts as a percentage of total counts. Under monocots, 12–17% of the added fertilizer N was recovered as soil organic N. Although this N immobilization was attributed to microbial assimilation, less than 1/4 was actually recovered as microbial biomass N, as measured with the chloroform fumigation/N-extraction method or calculated from total bacterial counts. The white clover accumulated substantial amounts of N due to N₂ fixation. However, microbial N immobilization represented only 3% of the total N accumulation, showing that the microorganisms obtained a smaller share of biologically fixed N₂ than of the N applied as fertilizer. Extra additions of mineral N (monocots) enhanced microbial N assimilation, partly due to increased plant growth. The results also strongly indicated, however, that the microbial growth under monocots was N-limited in the latter part of the experiment and that fertilizer N had a direct effect on microbial growth. In the early phase of plant growth, N immobilization ranged from 33 to 58 mg N g^-1 root C. This level of immobilization required a release of organic C into the soil representing a minimum of 60–100% of that found in intact roots.  相似文献   

Effect of cellulose and straw incorporation in soil on total denitrification and nitrogen immobilization at initially aerobic and permanent anaerobic conditions     

M. Gök  J. C. G. Ottow 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1988,5(4):317-322

Summary Laboratory experiments were used to examine the influence of cellulose and straw on denitrification and N immobilization in a sandy loam soil. The soil was mixed with 300 g nitrate-N/g and incubated in a special vessel under conditions that changed from aerobic to anaerobic or in the permanent absence of O₂. Gases (O₂, CO₂, N₂, N₂O, NO and CH₄) were analysed by gas chromatography at regular intervals and the soil was examined for nitrate, nitrite, ammonium and cellulose. Compared with controls, the application of straw and cellulose (0.5% and 1.0%, respectively) enhanced nitrate immobilization and decreased denitrification, under both anaerobic and originally aerobic (PO₂ = 20 vol%) conditions. However, a comparison of results from the aerobic and the anaerobic incubations shows that an increase in denitrification and N immobilization was apparent at an original O₂ concentration of 20 vol%. N₂ was the major product of denitrification in all experiments. Free methane was apparent as soon as nitrate was respired. The stimulating effect of O₂ on total denitrification in the presence of relatively high amounts of easily decomposable cellulose is ascribed to a higher turnover and an intensified mineralization rate (CO₂ production), which increased the total demand for electron acceptors.  相似文献   

Relationship between vertical distributions of Bray II P content and organic P content in the Ap horizon of paddy rice fields     

Ikuko AKAHANE  Naoko SASAKI  Masami NANZYO  Tadashi TAKAHASHI  Takashi TASHIRO  Osamu SEKIGUCHI  Masahiko SAIGUSA 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2006,52(5):654-661

  相似文献   

固定化生物技术在饲料工业中的应用   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

范寰  陈颖 《天津农业科学》2005,11(2):11-13

以固定化技术为出发点,介绍了其在饲料发酵中的应用现状和作用,以求饲料发酵过程更加高效、便捷。  相似文献   

Cutaneous antibodies in excised skin from channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque, immune to Ichthyophthirius multifiliis   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

D H Xu  P H Klesius  & R A Shelby 《Journal of fish diseases》2002,25(1):45-52

This study determined whether cutaneous antibodies were present in the excised skin of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque, immune to Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet (Ich). Theronts were immobilized on or near the excised skin from immune fish. The survival of immobilized theronts was significantly reduced after exposure for 8 h to the culture of excised skin from immune fish. Culture fluids from excised skin of immune fish immobilized theronts with a peak in the immobilization titre at 24 h post-exposure. Immobility of theronts in the culture fluid from immune skin was removed after immunoabsorption with theronts. Indirect immunofluorescent staining of theronts treated with culture fluid from excised skin of immune fish revealed strong and uniform fluorescence on the cilia and cell surface of theronts. Western blot analysis of the culture fluid from immune fish revealed a 70-kDa band which corresponded to the molecular weight of catfish immunoglobulin heavy chain. The results of this study show that cutaneous antibodies to Ich theronts were present in and released from the excised skin from fish immune to Ich. Immobilization and killing of the theronts are two characteristics of the antibody response that appear to prevent the successful invasion of theronts into excised skin.  相似文献   

磁性壳聚糖微球固定化褐藻酸酶的研究   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6       下载免费PDF全文

王斌  谢苗  曾竞华  邓海燕  甘纯玑 《中国水产科学》2004,11(3):253-259

利用反相悬浮交联法制备磁性壳聚糖微球(magnetic chitosan microspheres, M-CS),并对褐藻酸酶进行固定化研究.结果表明,M-CS呈规则的圆球形,具有较好的磁响应性,可稳定地保存在弱酸和弱碱中.其弱碱交换量随着戊二醛用量的增加而减少,悬挂醛基则相应地增加.M-CS对褐藻酸酶的吸附动力学实验表明,M-CS容易吸附褐藻酸酶,但吸附的酶量受载体与酶的比例、溶液的离子浓度、戊二醛的用量、溶液pH的影响明显,而温度对吸附的酶量的影响则相对较弱.酶学性质研究表明,相对于游离的褐藻酸酶,固定化酶的最适温度略有升高,可明显改善其热稳定性和酸碱稳定性,与底物的亲和力也有所增强.  相似文献   

Potential variation of nitrogen transformations in pinyon-juniper ecosystems resulting from burning   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

J. M. Klopatek  C. Coe Klopatek  L. F. DeBano 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1990,10(1):35-44

Summary Forest floor litter, duff, and underlying soils were assembled in laboratory microcosms representing pinyon, juniper, and interspace field conditions. Burning removed more than 95% of both N and C from the litter, with losses from the duff dependent on soil moisture conditions. No significant changes in total N or C were noted in the soil. Immediate increases were observed in soil NH _inf4 ^sup+ , decreasing with depth and related to soil heating. The greatest increases were noted in both the pinyon and juniper soils that were dry at the time of the burn, with interspace soils exhibiting the least changes. Soil NH _inf4 ^sup+ closely approximated the controls on day 90 after the burns in all treatments. Ninety days after the burn microbial biomass N was highest in the controls, followed by the wet and then the dry-burned soils, in both the pinyon and juniper microcosms. This was inversely related to the levels of accumulated NO _inf3 ^sup- . Nitrifying bacteria populations were indirectly correlated to soil temperatures during the burn. Population levels 90 days after the burn showed increases in both the wet- and the dry-burn treatments, with those in the pinyon treatments exceeding those found in the nitial controls of pinyon soils.The use of trade and company names in this paper is for the benefit of the reader; such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of any service or product by the U.S. Department of Agriculture to the exclusion of others that may be suitable  相似文献   

Litterfall,decomposition, and nitrogen release in two age groups of trees in Casuarina equisetifolia plantations in the dry tropical Vindhyan plateau,India     

Alok K. Srivastava  R. S. Ambasht 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1996,21(4):277-283

Litterfall, decomposition, and N release in 5-year-old and 8-year-old plantations of Casuarina equisetifolia (Forst.) in the dry tropical region of the Vindhyan plateau were studied during 1989–1990. Maximum litterfall occurred in May. The total litterfall ranged from 7.2 to 9.9t ha^-1 year^-1 in the 5-year-old stand and from 11.3 to 12.7t ha^-1 year^-1 in the 8-year-old stand over the 2-year period. Photosynthetic branchlets contributed 87–95% to the total litter. The relative decomposition rates of litter components of the ash-free mass were highest in the rainy months (4.7 to 9.9mg g^-1 day^-1) followed by winter (2.8 to 3.6 mg g^-1 day^-1) and lowest in the summer months (1.7 to 3.0 mg g^-1 day^-1). Similar patterns were observed for N release. The annual decay constant was highest for cone litter and lowest for photosynthetic branchlets. During decomposition, the photosynthetic branchlets showed N immobilization in November and April, the twig litter in March, and the roots in January and February. N release per unit area (g m^-2) was maximum from the photosynthetic branchlets (5.3–6.3) followed by cones (4.4) > roots (3.4) > twigs (2.6–3.2). The combination of the litter C:N ratio, moisture, and temperature with the relative decomposition rate in a multiple regression analysis explained 66–84% of the variability in mass loss and 58–66% of the variability in N release.  相似文献