Immobilization of the pesticide 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on a silica gel surface     

Alexandre G S Prado  Claudio Airoldi 《Pest management science》2000,56(5):419-424

A route for the immobilization of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) on silica gel has been developed. In the first step the precursor was prepared by reacting the silylating agent 3‐(trimethoxysilyl)propylamine with silica gel. Nitrogen analysis of this anchored compound showed the presence of 1.16 mmol of amine groups per gram of support. The herbicide was covalently bonded to the amine groups previously anchored onto silica gel. Infrared, [¹³C] and [²⁹Si] NMR spectra supported the reaction between the nitrogen of the amine group of the anchored silica with the carbon on the para‐position of the aromatic ring of 2,4‐D. The reaction yield, 90.3%, was confirmed through elemental analysis. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

微生物和生物炭联用对猪粪堆肥后重金属Pb和Cd的钝化效果   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3  

李冉  孟海波  赵立欣  周海宾  张曦  沈玉君 《农业工程学报》2018,34(23):164-169

为探讨微生物和生物炭联用对畜禽粪便堆肥过程中重金属钝化效果的影响,该文研究生物炭(花生壳炭、木屑炭、玉米秸秆炭)与复合微生物菌剂联用对重金属Pb、Cd形态转化及钝化效果的影响。试验结果表明:9个处理高温期维持天数均达无害化卫生要求,生物炭添加比例对堆肥过程中温度变化影响显著。对Pb的钝化效果最优处理是24%花生壳生物炭和1%的菌剂(T9),可交换态分配率较堆前下降16.32%,钝化效率为74.60%。对Cd的钝化效果最优的处理是24%木屑炭和1.5%的菌剂(T3),交换态Cd与堆前相比下降7.96%,钝化效率为58.13%。统计分析结果表明,重金属Pb、Cd的钝化效果与堆肥过程中平均pH值呈显著正相关,重金属Pb的钝化效果与堆肥过程中温度平均值呈显著正相关,重金属Cd的钝化效果与有机质降解率呈显著正相关。  相似文献   

作物根系镉滞留作用及其生理生化机制   总被引：20，自引：1，他引：19  

王学华  戴力 《中国农业科学》2016,49(22):4323-4341

一定程度的镉胁迫严重影响了作物的生长发育和农产品的产量及品质。文中全面综述了重金属镉胁迫对作物和人类的危害,以及镉在作物体内的吸收、转运和积累特征及其相关的主要调控基因和功能。简要概述了作物抗镉耐镉机制,重点讨论了其中的根系镉滞留作用的生理和生化机制。重金属镉主要通过根部吸收进入植株,在根中,Cd~(2+)首先进入由细胞间隙、细胞壁微孔以及细胞壁到质膜之间的空隙等构成的"自由空间",然后通过主动或被动吸收跨膜进入胞质,再经共质体或质外体途径运输到木质部导管中。水稻等作物主要通过下列途径来适应镉胁迫:细胞壁的滞留作用、原生质体的螯合作用、液泡的区室化作用、逆境蛋白和脯氨酸的积累、抗氧化酶系统活性的提高、根系的滞留作用。根系镉滞留作用作为一种重要的抗耐镉毒害的方式,在调控作物对镉的吸收、转运和分配积累,阻碍镉进入植株地上部和原生质体,减少镉对作物自身生长发育及农产品产量和品质的影响等方面起着非常重要的作用。主要包括根茎间低转运量导致的镉滞留、根系细胞壁滞留和液泡滞留。(1)根茎间低转运量导致的镉滞留。该种滞留作用主要受到根系木质部的镉装载能力和镉长距离运输载体——植物螯合肽(PCs)含量的影响;它们主要受到质膜上跨膜离子转运蛋白HMA2和HMA4以及细胞中的PCs合成酶及其相应基因(如HMA2、HMA4、PCs1等)的调控。这些蛋白和基因对木质部的镉滞留起到负调控作用。(2)细胞壁滞留作用。根系细胞壁滞留发生在质外体部分(包括细胞壁和胞间层),主要与质外体的组成成分和结构相关,其中起关键作用的是果胶多糖,半纤维素也起到一定作用。根据果胶和半纤维素滞留镉的作用方式的不同,细胞壁滞留作用可分为物理滞留和化学滞留。物理滞留主要与细胞壁的孔隙度和厚度有关,此二者均受到细胞壁果胶含量和果胶甲酯酶PME活性的影响。而化学滞留则是由半纤维素和低酯化果胶上的带负电荷基团,如-COO-等,与Cd2+发生静电结合作用所致。它们会受到PME14和XCD1等基因的调控。(3)液泡滞留作用。液泡滞留作用与细胞质和液泡中的PCs以及液泡膜上的转运蛋白密切相关,其对镉的滞留能力大小受到液泡分隔容量大小(VSC)的限制。在液泡的镉滞留中,不同分子量大小的PCs起到了重要作用,它们参与了胞质中镉的螯合、胞质与液泡间镉的转移及最终液泡中镉的沉积。而液泡膜上的转运蛋白则负责将胞质溶液中的低分子量PC-Cd复合物通过主动运输转移到液泡内,使镉被隔离在活跃生理区之外。作物根系中,这三种重金属滞留机制先后联合作用,降低了镉向原生质体和地上部的转移,从而减轻了镉对地上部的毒害,降低了籽实等收获器官中的镉含量。然而,由于木质部中PC-Cd占总镉比例以及细胞壁电荷总量和液泡VSC大小的有限性,从而使得根系镉滞留作用的强度和效果都存在着一定的限度。  相似文献   

固定化菌株在土壤中的繁殖释放及性能分析     

甄静  李冠杰  王继雯  杨文玲  巩涛  慕琦 《中国农学通报》2016,32(9):155-158

不同条件下固定化菌株在土壤中的释放情况存在差异,本实验测定固定化枯草芽孢杆菌在不同条件下土壤中的释放及其降解特性。通过设定不同温度、水分、pH值测定固定化枯草芽孢杆菌在灭菌土壤中的释放情况,并分别用碱扩散法、碳酸氢钠抽提-钼锑抗比色法、乙酸铵抽提-火焰光度计法测定菌株的固氮、解磷、解钾性能。结果表明：固定化菌株在温度35℃和40℃、水分为50ml/100g、pH5-8时均能大量繁殖释放,固定化后在不同温度和水分条件下不影响其降解特性。该研究结果为固定化菌株在农业复合微生物肥料上的应用提供理论基础。  相似文献   

Tree girdling provides insight on the role of labile carbon in nitrogen partitioning between soil microorganisms and adult European beech     

Michael Dannenmann  Judy Simon  Rainer Gasche  Jutta Holst  Ingrid Kögel-Knabner  Helmut Mayer  Rodica Pena  Heinz Rennenberg 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2009,41(8):1622-1631

Nitrogen (N) cycling in terrestrial ecosystems is complex since it involves the closely interwoven processes of both N uptake by plants and microbial turnover of a variety of N metabolites. Major interactions between plants and microorganisms involve competition for the same N species, provision of plant nutrients by microorganisms and labile carbon (C) supply to microorganisms by plants via root exudation. Despite these close links between microbial N metabolism and plant N uptake, only a few studies have tried to overcome isolated views of plant N acquisition or microbial N fluxes. In this study we studied competitive patterns of N fluxes in a mountainous beech forest ecosystem between both plants and microorganisms by reducing rhizodeposition by tree girdling. Besides labile C and N pools in soil, we investigated total microbial biomass in soil, microbial N turnover (N mineralization, nitrification, denitrification, microbial immobilization) as well as microbial community structure using denitrifiers and mycorrhizal fungi as model organisms for important functional groups. Furthermore, plant uptake of organic and inorganic N and N metabolite profiles in roots were determined.Surprisingly plants preferred organic N over inorganic N and nitrate (NO₃⁻) over ammonium (NH₄⁺) in all treatments. Microbial N turnover and microbial biomass were in general negatively correlated to plant N acquisition and plant N pools, thus indicating strong competition for N between plants and free living microorganisms. The abundance of the dominant mycorrhizal fungi Cenococcum geophilum was negatively correlated to total soil microbial biomass but positively correlated to glutamine uptake by beech and amino acid concentration in fine roots indicating a significant role of this mycorrhizal fungus in the acquisition of organic N by beech. Tree girdling in general resulted in a decrease of dissolved organic carbon and total microbial biomass in soil while the abundance of C. geophilum remained unaffected, and N uptake by plants was increased. Overall, the girdling-induced decline of rhizodeposition altered the competitive balance of N partitioning in favour of beech and its most abundant mycorrhizal symbiont and at the expense of heterotrophic N turnover by free living microorganisms in soil. Similar to tree girdling, drought periods followed by intensive drying/rewetting events seemed to have favoured N acquisition by plants at the expense of free living microorganisms.  相似文献   

Effects of Aporrectodea caliginosa (Savigny) on nitrogen mobilization and decomposition of elevated‐CO2 Charlock mustard litter     

Sven Marhan  Franziska Rempt  Petra Högy  Andreas Fangmeier  Ellen Kandeler 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2010,173(6):861-868

This study was conducted to improve our understanding of how earthworms and microorganisms interact in the decomposition of litter of low quality (high C : N ratio) grown under elevated atmospheric [CO₂]. A microcosm approach was used to investigate the influence of endogeic earthworm (Aporrectodea caliginosa Savigny) activity on the decomposition of senescent Charlock mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) litter produced under ambient and elevated [CO₂]. Earthworms and microorganisms were exposed to litter which had changed in quality (C : N ratio) while growing under elevated [CO₂]. After 50 d of incubation in microcosms, C mineralization (CO₂ production) in the treatment with elevated‐[CO₂] litter was significantly lower in comparison to the ambient‐[CO₂] litter treatment. The input of Charlock mustard litter into the soil generally induced N immobilization and reduced N₂O‐emission rates from soil. Earthworm activity enhanced CO₂ production, but there was no relationship to litter quality. Although earthworm biomass was not affected by the lower quality of the elevated‐[CO₂] litter, soil microbial biomass (C_mic, N_mic) was significantly decreased. Earthworms reduced C_mic and fungal biomass, the latter only in treatments without litter. Our study clearly showed that A. caliginosa used the litter grown under different [CO₂] independent of its quality and that their effect on the litter‐decomposition process was also independent of litter quality. Soil microorganisms were shown to negatively react to small changes in Charlock mustard litter quality; therefore we expect that microbially mediated C and N cycling may change under future atmospheric [CO₂].  相似文献   

White lupine as a beneficial crop in Southern Europe: I. Potential for N mineralization in lupine amended soil and yield and N₂ fixation by white lupine     

C. Carranca  M.O. Torres  J. Baeta 《European Journal of Agronomy》2009,31(4):183-189

Two experiments were carried out at Pegões (central Portugal) to determine the potential N mineralization in a pulse amended disturbed and undisturbed soil incubated at several temperatures, and to evaluate for 2 years the yield and N₂ fixation capacity of sweet lupine (Lupinus albus L. cv. Estoril) inoculated with a mixture of rhizobia strains or nodulated by indigenous soil bacteria and submitted to conventional tillage or no-till practices. A completely randomized block design for soil mobilization with three replicates was used for the laboratory study, and completely randomized blocks for inoculation and tillage treatments with four replicates were used for the lupine yield and N₂ fixation experiment. Residue N immobilization occurred immediately after mature residue return to the soil independent of temperature, and was greater at 7 °C especially in the disturbed topsoil. Greater immobilization was also observed by doubling the amount of mature residue incorporated in the soil. This was expected since soil microorganisms would be in direct contact with the fresh organic matter and would be provided with more organic carbon under these circumstances. Nitrogen mineralization proceeded after 5 days of amendment. Potential N mineralization was higher at 25 °C than at 18 or 7 °C, for both conventional and no-till practices. At 25 °C, 42% of buried residue-¹⁵N was released over 210 days, at a smaller rate than 18 °C (49%) over 81 days. Lupine yield and N₂ fixation capacity were similar in plots that were not inoculated and those receiving the mixture of three rhizobia strains. White lupine had an efficient symbiosis with indigenous soil rhizobia at pod-filling (>99%, >100 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) which was not affected by tillage. At this stage, plant residue including visible roots and nodules accounted for a soil N input of +96 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ (91% of crop N), showing the large soil N benefit by the crop at this stage. The lupine residue at pod-filling stage can be used as a green manure under the conditions of organic farming systems. The apparent N “harvest” index of the pulse at pod-filling was only 9% though at maturity phase it should result in a higher value and the legume will show a lower fertilizer N value.  相似文献   

15N标记氮在盆栽山毛榉中的分配     

Ali Bagherzadeh  Rainer Brumme  Friedrich Beese 《林业研究》2009,20(4):314-322

温室条件下,向盆栽山毛榉幼苗中施加192g.m·^-2^15N示踪物,研究连续两个生长季沉积氮在森林土壤（含森林地被物）、沥出物、以及地上和地下部分生物量的分配。模拟了四种处理（栽培和非栽培）下的NH4^＋和NO3^-沉积情况,每种处理各自标记为^15N-NH4^＋或者^15N-NO3^-。在整个体系中施加15N的总回收率分别是,盆栽处理的^15N-NH4^＋为67.3%～74.9%,非盆栽处理的^15N-NO3^-为85.3%～88.1%。两种^15N示踪物主要沉积在森林土壤（包括森林地被物）中,其中盆栽处理的森里土壤中^15N-NH4^＋为34.6%～33.7%,^15N-NO3^-为13.1%～9.0%,说明异养微生物有很强的固氮作用。森林土壤微生物对^15N-NH4^＋的固定能力比^15N-NO3^-的固定能力强三倍。^15N-NH4^＋的优先异养利用造成土壤中^15N-NH4^＋的沉积量是植物体保存量的两倍 而土壤中^15N-NO3^-的沉积量却低于植物体的。总之,植被-土壤系统中15N-NH4＋的沉积量比^15N-NO3^-的沉积高了60%,说明了沉积氮的形式在森林生态系统中氮保存中的重要性。  相似文献   

乙酰胆碱酯酶的分离纯化及生物学研究进展     

叶东平  陈斌  何正波 《安徽农业科学》2011,39(7):3811-3814

乙酰胆碱酯酶在神经突触间隙中通过催化水解神经递质乙酰胆碱来维持神经冲动的正常传递,广泛存在于各种动物组织中,如脑、红血球、鱼肉组织和动物血清中。总结了最近国内外关于乙酰胆碱酯酶的研究进展,包括乙酰胆碱酯酶的提取、纯化和固定化研究,且综述了有关乙酰胆碱酯酶传感器的应用进展,以及在治疗疾病如阿尔茨海默病方面的应用,这将为以乙酰胆碱酯酶为目标的研究提供信息框架。  相似文献   

Evaluation of chitosan and alginate immobilized Methylobacterium oryzae CBMB20 on tomato plant growth     

Mak Chanratana  Gwang Hyun Han  Manoharan Melvin Joe  Aritra Roy Choudhury  Seshadri Sundaram  Md. Abdul Halim 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2018,64(11):1489-1502

Methylobacterium oryzae CBMB20, a promising plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) and a biocontrol agent, was immobilized in different formulations such as wet chitosan, dry chitosan, wet alginate and dry alginate and were tested for tomato plant growth promotion. Chitosan solution (1.5%) with pH 5.5–6.0 and 90 min contact time was found optimal for immobilization. The chitosan formulations showed better entrapment efficiency and good degradability resistance apart from slow release of cells under prolonged incubation. Survivability of bacteria (80%) was observed in wet chitosan formulation even after 90 days of storage at 4°C. The spermosphere survival of bacteria was high in both dry and wet chitosan formulations applied soils even after 21 days under greenhouse conditions. While the alginate formulation degraded fully, partial degradation of chitosan formulation was observed even after 30 days, indicating its ability to support the survival of M. oryzae CBMB20 in soil. Plants inoculated with wet chitosan formulation registered 1.3 fold increase in the shoot and root length and dry weight compared to other treatments. Hence, chitosan formulation supporting better plant growth compared to alginate will be a better carrier for taking bacteria to the plant rhizosphere and thereby promote plant growth.  相似文献