Reducing Bioavailability and Leachability of Copper in Soils using Coal Fly Ash,Apatite, and Bentonite     

《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(15):2004-2017

Soils treated with two concentrations of copper (Cu; 200 and 400 mg kg^?1) were amended with three amendments (coal fly ash, apatite, and bentonite) at the rates of 1.5% and 2.5%, respectively. The effects of amendment application on the bioavailability and leachability of Cu in the soil were evaluated using the wheat uptake, single extraction, and sequential extraction tests. The addition of coal fly ash, apatite, and bentonite at the rate of 2.5% increased wheat biomass by 50.5%, 41.1%, and 61.7%, respectively. The application of amendments significantly (P < 0.01) reduced the Cu contents extract that will buy DW (deionized water), TCLP (toxicity characteristics leaching procedure), and DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) in the soil. The amendments also reduced the water-soluble/exchangeable, carbonate, iron (Fe)–manganese (Mn) oxide, and organically bound fraction contents of Cu but increased the amounts of residual Cu in soil. Our results demonstrated that these amendments were effective in reducing the bioavailability and leachability of Cu in soil.  相似文献   

不同洗涤蜂窝煤灰渣对污染土壤中铅的稳定作用研究     

李立平  席欢  邢维芹  向国强  张科  胡昌乾 《农业环境保护》2012,(6):1124-1130

蜂窝煤灰渣具有稳定污染土壤中铅的作用,但可增大土壤pH和电导率（EC）。将蜂窝煤灰渣经过水洗和稀盐酸酸洗后加入铅污染土壤（1 000 mg·kg-1 Pb）,研究了不同处理灰渣对铅有效性和土壤性质的影响。结果表明,灰渣经水洗和酸洗后,其pH（分别下降1.94、3.70）和电导率（0.785、0.890 mS·cm-1）明显下降,重金属有效性和全量也有一定程度的下降。水洗和酸洗灰渣加入土壤后,土壤磷有效性有一定的上升。污染土壤在未加磷条件下加入原灰渣、水洗灰渣和酸洗灰渣后,DTPA-Pb含量分别下降67.2、195、117 mg·kg-1,加磷情况下加入这3种灰渣土壤DTPA-Pb含量分别降低102、91.8、86.8 mg·kg-1,各处理与对照的差异均达到0.05的显著水平。连续提取的结果表明,不同处理对土壤铅形态的影响不明显。  相似文献   

Subcellular distribution and chemical forms of chromium in rice plants suffering from different levels of chromium toxicity   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Fanrong Zeng  Weihui Zhou  Boyin Qiu  Shafaqat Ali  Feibo Wu  Guoping Zhang 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2011,174(2):249-256

The subcellular distribution and chemical forms of different heavy metals in rice are correlated with their bio‐toxicity. An experiment was conducted to investigate the subcellular distribution and chemical forms of chromium (Cr) in two rice genotypes (Oryza sativa L. cv. Xiushui 113 and cv. Dan K5) differing in Cr accumulation, to understand the mechanisms of Cr toxicity and resistance in rice plants. The results show that Cr in the roots of rice plants exposed to Cr stress was mainly localized in cell walls, whereas Cr in leaves and stems was mainly present in both cell walls and vacuoles, suggesting that both compartments act as important protective barriers against Cr toxicity in rice plants. Although Cr ions in all plant tissues exist predominantly in the forms extracted by 80% ethanol and distilled water, the amount of Cr in the chemical forms extracted by 2% HAc, 0.6 M HCl, and in residues was significantly increased under the highest Cr level (100 μM Cr) compared to the plants grown under lower Cr levels. These results indicate that excess Cr accumulated in rice plants under Cr stress is bound to undissolved or low‐bioavailable compounds, such as undissolved phosphate and oxalate, being beneficial for rice plants to alleviate Cr toxicity. In addition, under the highest Cr level (100 μM), Dan K5 had a higher percentage of Cr in the chemical forms extracted by 2% HAc, 0.6 M HCl, and in residues compared to Xiushui 113 in both stems and leaves, indicating that more Cr ions in shoots of Dan K5 were bound to undissolved or low‐bioavailable compounds, in comparison with those of Xiushui 113. It is evident that the low bioavailability of Cr in the shoots of Dan K5 is related to a high Cr accumulation.  相似文献   

黑曲霉对潮褐土镉、锌污染的原位固定修复潜力研究     

李丽丽  李博文  刘微 《水土保持学报》2011,25(3):108-112

采用温室盆栽试验,研究了在黑曲霉(30582)作用下油菜对潮褐土Cd、Zn复合污染胁迫的耐性及富集特征。结果表明:接入黑曲霉菌液对油菜地上部干重总体上无明显影响,且降低了油菜对土壤Cd、Zn的吸收量。加入黑曲霉菌液后,油菜地上部和地下部Cd含量较对照最高分别降低了31.60%,37.82%;地上部和地下部Zn含量较对照处理最高分别降低了35.12%,35.74%;土壤有效态Cd、Zn含量显著减少,较对照最高分别降低了30.51%,39.64%。综上,黑曲霉有效地降低了污染土壤中Cd、Zn的生物有效性,对土壤中低浓度重金属污染的原位固定表现出较佳的效果,具备应用于修复Cd、Zn污染土壤的潜力。  相似文献   

Field immobilization using alfaxalone and alfaxalone–medetomidine in free-ranging koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus): a randomized comparative study     

《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2020,47(3):368-376

ObjectiveTo characterize and compare two intramuscular drug protocols using alfaxalone and alfaxalone–medetomidine combination for the field immobilization of free-ranging koalas.Study designBlinded, randomized, comparative field study.AnimalsA total of 66 free-ranging koalas from the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia.MethodsKoalas were randomly allocated into two groups. Group A animals were given alfaxalone alone at 3.5 mg kg^–1. Group AM animals were given alfaxalone 2 mg kg^–1 and medetomidine 40 μg kg^–1, reversed with atipamezole at 0.16 mg kg^–1. Blinded operators recorded heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (f_R), cloacal temperature, depth of sedation and times to: first effect, sedation suitable for clinical interventions, first arousal and full recovery. Data were analysed using independent t test, Mann–Whitney U test, chi-square analysis and log-rank test at 5% level of significance.ResultsSuitable immobilization for clinical examination and sample collection was achieved in all animals. In groups A and AM, median time to working depth was 6.5 minutes (range: 3.4–15) and 8.1 minutes (range: 4.3–24) and time to complete recovery was 66 minutes (range: 12–138) and 34 minutes (range: 4–84), respectively, following reversal. Time to first effect was significantly shorter in group A (p = 0.013), whereas time to full arousal was significantly shorter in group AM (p = 0.007) probably due to the administration of atipamezole. Maximum HR was 117 ± 28 beats minute^–1 in group A, which was a significant increase from baseline values (p < 0.0001), whereas group AM showed a significant tachypnoea of 67 ± 25 (normal f_R 10–15; p < 0.0001).Conclusions and clinical relevanceBoth the protocols produced immobilization, enabling clinical examination and sample collection; however, protocol AM was more suitable for field work due to shorter recovery times.  相似文献   

Arsenic and chromium resistance mechanisms in the Micrococcus luteus group     

Ivan ARROYO-HERRERA  Brenda ROM&#;N-PONCE  Rafael BUSTAMANTE-BRITO  Joseph GUEVARA-LUNA  Erika Yanet TAPIA-GARC&#;A  Violeta LARIOS-SERRATO  Nannan ZHANG  Paulina ESTRADA-DE LOS SANTOS  En Tao WANG  Mar&#;a Soledad V&#;SQUEZ-MURRIETA 《土壤圈》2023,33(4):600-611

High arsenic (As) and chromium (Cr) concentrations are currently receiving attention because of their negative effects on the environment and human health. Microorganisms inhabiting contaminated environments have developed resistance mechanisms against the toxicity of these pollutants. Indeed, members of the bacterial genus Micrococcus have been isolated from different toxic metal-contaminated environments; however, knowledge concerning its resistance mechanisms to As and Cr toxicity remains lim...  相似文献   

Effect of Organic matter application on the fate of 15N-labeled ammonium fertilizer in an upland soil     

T. Nishio  N. Oka 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(3):397-403

Abstract

The clay mineral composition of two “terra roxa estruturada” (TRE) soils occurring in the tropical rain forest and tropical forest/savannah transition zone, and a reddish brunizem in the savannah/semi-arid transition zone was studied comparatively in the southeast Amazon region.

Kaolin minerals were dominant in these soils, and hematite and goethite were found in the clay fraction. A small amount of 2 : 1-type clay minerals was found in two soils. The mineral composition of the clay fraction in the TRE soils was hardly influenced by the difference of the meteorological factor or their water condition in this region, and this factor should not control the influence of parent materials derived from basic rocks. The TRE soils were developed under the condition of laterite genesis, and were regarded claymineralogically as a kind of the lateritic soils.  相似文献   

Long-Term Effects of Nitrogen Management Practices on Grain Yield,Nitrogen Uptake,and Efficiency in Irrigated Corn     

K. W. Freeman  Kefyalew Girma  R. K. Teal  D. B. Arnall  B. Tubana  S. Holtz 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(12):2021-2036

ABSTRACT

Crop management strategies that improve Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) increase profits while reducing the detrimental effects on the environment associated with fertilizer nitrogen (N) loss. Effective N management should include several critical factors that are very interrelated. A study was conducted at the Panhandle Research and Extension Center, Goodwell, OK to evaluate the effects of multiple nitrogen management practices including N rate, source, time of application, methods of fertilizer and residue incorporation over a long period of time on grain yield, N uptake and NUE in irrigated corn. Fourteen treatments were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Results of data analyzed on the individual year and averages of all years showed that grain yield and N uptake were improved with N rates and N management practices compared to checks. Both N recovery and efficiency of use were high for the 118 kg N ha^{? 1} rate.  相似文献   

Effect of rice plant growth on denitrification in rhizosphere soil     

Ken-ichi Kakuda  Ho Ando  Masakado Harayama 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(3):599-607

The effect of rice plant growth on the loss of basal nitrogen (N) through denitrification in the rhizosphere of subsurface soil was investigated by the ¹⁵N balance method. Labeled ¹⁵N was applied to the deep soil layer to distinguish between the N losses in the surface and subsurface soils. Denitrification in pots with whole plants (Control) was compared with that in pots with plants cut off at the base of the culm (Pcut) to evaluate the effect of plant growth on denitrification. The upward movement of the applied ¹⁵N from the deep soil was negligible. Thus, the amount of unrecovered ¹⁵N was equal to the amount of N lost through denitrification in the rhizosphere of the subsurface soil (20–150 mm soil depth). In the Control treatment, values of redox potential at 50 and 90 mm soil depths were negative throughout the experimental period. Therefore, it was assumed that the redox potential could not have been the limiting factor for the N loss through denitrification in this experiment. The α-naphthylamine-oxidizing activity of roots decreased drastically after the cutting treatment. The estimated amount of de nitrified ¹⁵N in the rhizosphere of the subsurface soil was significantly higher in the Pcut treatment than in the Control one at 30 and 40 d after transplanting (DAT), while it was comparable in the two treatments at 52 and 64 DAT. Since a greater amount of ¹⁵N loss was found to occur when there was no absorption of ¹⁵N by the plants, the absorption of ¹⁵N by plants may have contributed to the suppression of denitrification. The amount of immobilized ¹⁵N in the Control treatment was larger than that of the Pcut treatment throughout the experiment. N immobilization might have also contributed to the suppression of denitrification in the rhizosphere of the subsurface soil.  相似文献   

春季微生物固定化技术原位净化污染河塘的效果   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

高岩  张力  王岩  罗佳  王栋  严少华  张振华 《江苏农业学报》2015,31(2)

利用微生物固定化技术原位净化污水是当前的研究热点之一,为明确其在低温条件下的效果,在亚热带地区温度较低的3月份至5月份,采用该技术对富营养化河塘进行净化,监测水质变化。结果表明:采用该技术后水体的氨氮、总溶解氮、可溶性正磷酸盐、总溶解磷浓度较进水口明显降低,在入水氮、磷负荷上升的情况下,仍保持着总体下降的趋势;此技术对总氮、总磷的去除效果没有对总溶解氮、总溶解磷的净化效果明显;采用该技术后,河塘水体高锰酸盐指数稳步下降。说明,在亚热带地区温度相对较低的春季,微生物固定化技术可以用于原位净化城市生活污水污染的富营养化河塘。  相似文献