非无菌覆土对药用菌生长的影响     

D. C. ZIED  M. T. A. MINHONI  J. KOPYTOWSKI-FILHO  L. BARBOSA  M. C. N. ANDRADE 《土壤圈》2011,21(2):146-153

Ten different casing soils were collected from two soils at two depths (0.2 and 2.0 m below soil surface) to examine the relationships between the physical properties of non-axenic casing soil and yield,number and weight of the medicinal mushroom Agaricus blazei ss.Heinemann.The results showed that soil clay content and bulk density were negatively correlated with the mushroom yield,respectively,but soil silt content and water-holding capacity were found to be positively correlated with the yield.The number of mushrooms was negatively correlated with soil water-holding capacity but positively correlated with soil clay,bulk density and porosity.The weight of mushroom was positively correlated with the content of soil fine sand and negatively correlated with the contents of soil coarse sand,total sand and clay.Neither soil depth nor different soil combinations affected the yield and number of mushrooms,but the mushroom weight was affected by the soil combinations and soil depth,so interplay in the fructification process with the physical characteristics of casing is complicated.  相似文献   

华北土石山区典型森林枯落物层和土壤层水文效应   总被引：15，自引：5，他引：10  

赵阳  余新晓  吴海龙  宋思铭  黄枝英 《水土保持学报》2011,25(6):148-152

以河北省围场县北沟林场内4种不同林分的枯落物层和土壤层为研究对象,对其水文效应进行初步研究.结果衰明:(1)落叶松、油松混交林枯落物蓄积量最大,为12.28 t/hm2,最大持水量为24.60 t/hm,2,有效拦蓄量为27.19 t/hm2;油松林的枯落物蓄积量为11.74 t/hm2,最大持水量为19.30 t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为22.21 t/hm2;落叶松林的枯落物蓄积量为9.32 t/hm2,最大持水量为11.60 t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为16.20 t/hm2;落叶松白桦混交林的枯落物蓄积量为5.58 t/hm2,最大持水量为12.90 t/hm,2,有效拦蓄量为13.53 t/hm2.(2)半分解层枯落物浸泡8 h已基本达到饱和,而未分解层需浸泡10 h,通过分析得出持水量与浸泡时间的关系为Q=aln(t)+b;枯落物在浸水的前30 min内吸水速率最大,6 h左右时吸水速率明显减缓,枯落物吸水速率与浸泡时间的关系为V=ktn.(3)落叶松白桦混交林土壤层持水能力最强,为377.03 t/hm2;落叶松油松混交林土壤层的持水能力最差,为241.9 t/hm,2,利用幂函数对入渗速率与入渗时间进行拟合,其相关系数均在0.95以上.  相似文献   

优质早稻不同类型肥料全层施用效应的研究   总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1  

吴自明  石庆华  李木英  潘晓华 《江西农业大学学报》2002,24(3):301-306

选用生物有机肥、BB肥、尿素、氯化钾、钙镁磷肥等肥源 ,对优质早稻香两优 6 8采用 3种施肥方式 (一次性全层施肥 ;全层深施基肥 ,中后期补施穗肥 ;传统的分期施肥 )进行施用效应研究 ,结果表明 :一次性全层施肥和全层深施基肥、中后期补施穗肥对早稻均能早生快发 ,干物质积累量大 ,尤其是全层深施基肥 ,中后期补施穗肥中的T5早稻 ,中后期长势稳健 ,营养水平好 ,LAI下降缓慢 ,总吸氮量大 ,肥料利用率和产量高 ,千粒重、成穗率较一次性全层施肥明显提高。方差分析及多重比较表明 :T5、T2 两处理与其他处理产量有显著差异 ,说明用生物有机肥配合无机化肥作基肥一次性全层施用能增产 ,但如果后期补施氮肥作穗肥 ,增产潜力更大。  相似文献   

密度对刨花板热压过程中表层与芯层压力的影响     

雷亚芳  刘艳贞 《西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版)》2006,34(9):130-134

研究了密度对刨花板热压过程中表层与芯层压力的影响,并对不同密度刨花板热压过程中芯层压力与芯层温度的关系进行了探讨。结果表明,随着密度增大,热压过程中刨花板板坯表层与芯层的压力最高值增大;板坯芯层汽化段的温度高低与此阶段板坯芯层的压力大小有关,板坯密度越大,芯层压力越大,汽化段温度也越高。  相似文献   

试论青海“黑土滩”草地的退化特征及其成因   总被引：5，自引：3，他引：5  

黄葆宁  李希来 《青海畜牧兽医杂志》1996,26(3):33-35

“黑土滩”是高寒草甸草地原生嵩草植被退化为次杂毒草草地（或裸地）的俗称，退化特征是生草层的笛斑化和植被的杂毒草化，是在风蚀、水蚀和浆融剥离作用于生草层以及人为不合理利用植被的条件下发生和发展的，其中植被稀疏过牧地段或鼠害土质疏松地段的是形成“黑土滩”的起点。“黑土滩”的治本策略应是以恢复草甸植被为目的，种植或补播嵩草属牧草。  相似文献   

The elevational patterns and key drivers of soil microbial communities strongly depend on soil layer and season     

Rui Cao  Chenhui Chang  Mingzhen Xu  Zhuang Wang  Qin Wang  Bo Tan  Han Li  Zhihui Wang  Jianfeng Hou  Fei Li  Xuqing Li  Dan Wang  Wanqin Yang  Mai-He Li 《European Journal of Soil Science》2023,74(5):e13419

Knowledge about the elevational patterns of soil microbial biomass and communities can facilitate accurate prediction of the responses of soil biogeochemical processes to climate change. However, previous studies that have considered intra- and inter-annual variations have reported inconsistent results on the one hand, and they have paid little attention to the effect of soil layer on the other hand. We, therefore, conducted a 4-year in situ soil core incubation experiment along a 2431-m elevational gradient across the dry valley shrubland, valley-montane ecotone forest, subalpine coniferous forest, alpine coniferous forest, and alpine meadow in an ecologically fragile alpine-gorge region on the eastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Soil microbial biomass and community composition in the organic and mineral layers were measured using the phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) method at five critical periods each year. Our results indicated that soil microbial biomass in the organic layer was the highest in the subalpine coniferous forest, followed by the alpine meadow, alpine coniferous forest, and valley-montane ecotone forest. In contrast, soil microbial biomass in the mineral layer was significantly higher in the alpine meadow than in the other sites. Soil microbial biomass exhibited differential seasonal fluctuations at different elevations, resulting in their elevational patterns being strongly intra-annual and inter-annual dependent. Our results revealed that elevation and seasonality significantly affected soil microbial communities. Seasonality had a more substantial effect than elevation on soil microbial communities during the first 3 years of incubation, whereas the relative importance of seasonal and elevational effects on microbial communities was reversed in the organic layer with incubation time. These results are mainly attributed to the magnitude and direction of effect of environmental variables on soil microbial biomass and communities vary with elevation, soil layer, and sampling time. Briefly, the elevational patterns and dominant factors of soil microbial biomass and communities have intense soil layer and temporal specificity, implying that differential responses of soil biochemical processes to climate change might be observed at different elevations.  相似文献   

Impact of clod (aggregate) size on evaporation rate and soil moisture profile during the drying process     

Yoshihiro Matsumoto  Shuichiro Yoshida  Akimasa Okabe  Kazuhiro Nishida 《European Journal of Soil Science》2023,74(5):e13420

Large clods (centimetres in size) can be formed by tillage in clayey paddy fields where upland crops are planted. These clods cause early water depletion near the soil surface, which decreases crop germination and emergence rates. Because of the difficulty in reducing clod size, desiccation damage to seeds can be avoided by adjusting the seeding depth based on the clod size-dependent soil moisture profile. This study aimed to clarify the effect of clod size on (1) the evaporation rate (E) and soil moisture profile and (2) the mobility of soil water during the drying process. Evaporation experiments were conducted in an air-conditioned greenhouse with natural light using cylindrical columns filled with artificially made clods 3 (L columns) and 1 cm (S columns) in diameter. We measured E, potential evaporation rate (PE), and total soil moisture content (w_tot) throughout the experiment and the soil moisture profiles at the end of the experiment. The water diffusivity (D_w) and apparent vapour diffusion coefficient (d_vap) were calculated as the mobility of soil water and water vapour, respectively. We found that w_tot was lower in the L column than in the S column, although not at the onset of the experiment. At the end of the experiment, the soil moisture content was lower in the L column than in the S column throughout the soil layer. In contrast, E/PE was higher in the L column than in the S column throughout the experiment and even at the same w_tot. Regarding mobility, D_w was slightly greater in the L column than in the S column in the soil moisture content range, where vapour movement could be greater than liquid water movement. In addition, the ratio of d_vap to the diffusion coefficient of water vapour in soil was higher than unity in both columns and was 2.4–3.2 times higher in the L column than in the S column. In summary, larger clods caused a higher evaporation rate and lower soil moisture content, owing to the increased enhancement of water vapour movement probably induced by wind.  相似文献   

东北黑土地保护利用研究足迹与科技研发展望   总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6  

韩晓增  邹文秀 《土壤学报》2021,58(6):1341-1358

中国东北黑土是世界上最肥沃、垦殖时间较短的土壤类型之一,在保障国家粮食安全中具有非常重要的地位。本文在总结东北黑土地概况（定义、分布、土壤类型和垦殖时间）的基础上,梳理了东北黑土地的研究足迹,并提出了未来东北黑土地科技研发的方向。东北黑土地包括黑土、黑钙土、草甸土、白浆土、暗棕壤和棕壤6种土壤类型,主要分布在辽河平原、松嫩平原和三江平原。自然黑土肥力较高,但是开垦后受生态系统改变和人类活动的双重驱动,土壤肥力发了巨大变化,土壤有机质含量在垦殖初期（约30a）迅速下降,开垦50a后下降速度趋于稳定;侵蚀区黑土层受风蚀和水蚀等影响出现了不同程度的流失。有机培肥、轮作、等高种植等技术措施已经被广泛应用于黑土培肥与水土流失防治。黑土层是黑土地的标志性土层,是黑土地肥力的核心。基于黑土层保护的东北黑土地保护利用建议从以下3方面开展科学研究：（1）解析人类活动下的黑土层厚度及颜色变化过程和驱动机制,探索现代农业管理方式下维持和增加黑土层厚度的技术途径;（2）针对东北黑土地6种土壤类型耕地限制粮食生产能力的主控因子,因地制宜建立以“肥沃耕层构建”、“障碍性土层消减”和“控蚀固土增肥”为核心的东北黑土地保护利用技术模式,研发相关配套技术,探索模式的适应性及应用效果和机理;（3）以长坡为研究对象建立水土流失观测场,集中研发坡耕地控制面蚀和沟蚀的新技术和新模式。  相似文献   

赣南丘陵区典型林分水源涵养功能评价   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

艾彪  黄云  朱元皓  谢泽阳  黄琼瑶  郑博福  朱锦奇 《水土保持通报》2021,41(1):197-205

[目的]明确不同林分类型整体水源涵养能力的差异性,为赣南丘陵区水源涵养功能和生态系统服务的恢复提供理论依据。[方法]以赣南丘陵区江西省赣州市崇义县境内两种主要天然林(楠木和毛竹),以及两种典型人工经济果林地(脐橙和茶)为研究对象,利用水浸法和双环法对林分的枯落物层与土壤层的持水性进行测定,同时利用熵权法对枯落物层和土壤层的相关指标进行综合评价。[结果]①4种林分枯落物层蓄积量、最大持水量和有效拦蓄量范围分别为9.19~16.70,13.43~31.02,6.99~14.08 t/hm²;土壤非毛管孔隙度、有效持水量和最大持水量均值范围分别为5.80~10.05%,57.98~100.50,447.76~580.17 t/hm²,均为楠木林最大,茶林最小。②4种林地土壤初渗速率与稳渗速率变化趋势相一致,排列顺序为:毛竹林>楠木林>茶林>脐橙林。③在4种林分水源涵养能力综合评分中,两种天然林要高于两种经济果林。④土壤稳渗速率是影响林分整体水源涵养能力最显著的指标,其次为枯落物最大持水量和有效拦蓄量,而土壤容重的影响最低。[结论]赣南丘陵区两种天然林水源涵养能力高于两种经济果林,而该区域人工经济果林水源涵养能力的大幅度降低将进一步导致土地退化,加速水土流失,是区域可持续发展的重要生态风险隐患之一。  相似文献   

Phosphorus application affects root length distribution and water uptake of upland rice in a column experiment     

Kanako Okada  Motohiko Kondo  Ho Ando  Ken-ichi Kakuda 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(2):257-261

Abstract

Clay mineralogy of thirteen spodic horizon samples from seven Cryorthods developed on diverse materials (peridotite, andesite, lapilli, volcanic ash, slate, granite and granodiorite) in Chubu and Kanto, Japan was determined by successive chemical dissolutions with dithionitecitrate and 0.5 m NaOH-differential infrared spectroscopy in combination with chemical, X-ray diffraction, electron microscopic and thermogravimetric analyses. Thc major part of the soluble iron was found to be crystalline goethite. Presence of allophane (and imogolite) in the lower parts of the spodic horizons, but not in the upper parts, was interpreted as indicating a relatively limited supply of complexing fulvic acid from the overlying organic-rich horizons. The well-developed Al interlayers in the 2 : 1 type minerals associated with gibbsite suggest that the environment of the lower sub-horizons is rich in active aluminium,  相似文献